In connection with the entry into force of new legislative acts (Federal Law No. 273 of December 29, 2012 “On Education in the Russian Federation” and the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education), there is a need to revise and bring into compliance all documentation of a preschool institution, including the documentation of a preschool educational psychologist .
This article will discuss the work programs of an educational psychologist.
Express diagnostics in kindergarten
Authors: Pavlova N.N., Rudenko L.G.
This manual is a diagnostic kit structured by age. It contains protocols, a methodological manual with detailed instructions and interpretation. The manual is excellent for diagnostics with children from 3 to 7 years old.
Pavlova N.N., Rudenko L.G. Express diagnostics in kindergarten This manual is a set of materials for express diagnostics of the development of mental processes in preschool children. More details
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Leading needs of a preschooler
In the process of its development, a child in preschool age faces a number of contradictions that arise against the background of new needs. At this age, the baby has the following basic needs :
- gaining new experiences;
- physical activity;
- communication.
By communicating with people, the child constantly discovers new knowledge and skills. Gaining social experience occurs through proactive perception, and not through a passive method.
New experiences contribute to the development of a child’s cognitive abilities. Exploring the real world develops curiosity. Older preschoolers gradually begin to develop an interest in learning.
At this time, special attention should be paid to the psychological development of the child. Retardation can be caused by the following factors :
- behavioral deviations - hostility, lies;
- emotional-personal problems - feelings of fear, bad mood and increased anxiety;
- neurological abnormalities - sleep disturbances, fatigue;
- problems with communication - excessive touchiness, detachment, constant desire to be a leader;
- intellectual retardation - inability to concentrate, difficulty understanding new material.
If there are such problems, parents should adjust the baby’s behavior, engage with him more and monitor his development. Otherwise, deviations in cognitive and mental processes may occur in the future.
Psychological support for children from an early age in preschool educational institutions
Author: Kremlyakova A.Yu.
I discovered this manual relatively recently. It differs from the adaptation books I presented above. If in previous books the games can be repeated, then here the activities are completely different. There are also developed seminars and instructions for parents and educators.
Kremlyakova A.Yu. “Psychological support for children from an early age in preschool educational institutions” The program presents a system of work with pupils, their parents and preschool educational institutions specialists, aimed at the successful adaptation of children to kindergarten. More details
Techniques and methods of work of a psychologist with children
My name is Zhukova Marina Andreevna. I am a clinical psychologist, specialist in the field of parent-child relationships and the psychology of infancy and early childhood. Today I would like to talk about diagnostic methods that are used in psychological work with children and adolescents.
A parent very often goes to a psychologist and does not know what to expect. In order to reduce this anxiety, today I would like to dwell a little on the techniques and methods that a psychologist usually uses. If a parent comes with a child between the ages of one and three, then, as a rule, the interaction begins first with the parent. In order for a child to feel comfortable, it is necessary to establish such good contact in communication with an adult. When the adult opens up and relaxes, he will signal to the child that the situation the child has found himself in is safe. Therefore, a psychologist very rarely begins to communicate with the child right away. You need to understand that this is done for a reason, but in order to make the parent feel comfortable, and through him, the child would feel good.
As a rule, it is important for a psychologist to understand the characteristics of family relationships, some objective things that happen in the family, say, is it a full family, does the child have brothers and sisters. The psychologist may ask questions regarding some of the child’s self-regulation skills. Does the child know how to feed himself, dress himself, wear diapers or already use the toilet? That is, such things that lie on the surface help the psychologist understand to what age - not biological, not chronological, but precisely psychological - the child who is now in front of him belongs. After contact with the parents has already been established, the psychologist has gotten to know this family a little, and you can begin to interact with the child. As a rule, a psychologist has a large amount of game materials in his office, and they are available. That is, the child can get to know them from the very beginning and play in the way he wants. This is called a free play situation. As a rule, it goes in parallel with a conversation with parents.
The psychologist communicates with the parent and simultaneously observes what is happening with the child. The child can actively explore, inviting the parent, inviting the psychologist to also play with him. May be a little wary, anxious, maybe cling to the parent. There is no correct behavior here. It’s just important for a psychologist to look at what behavior this child who comes to him demonstrates, and on the basis of this he builds further interaction with him. Perhaps, after the second or third meeting, we can move directly to diagnosis. Depending on the request, depending on the parent’s complaints, the psychologist will use different methods. Probably the most common is the method of play therapy, that is, it is a game in which some things are played out that the child deals with in real life, be it relationships with peers, relationships with parents, difficulties with separation - this is a very common topic . As a rule, this is simply implemented in the game's plot.
A psychologist can also use fairy tale therapy. This is a technique that allows you to verbally work out all the same things that happen during the game. The only difference, as a rule, in fairy tale therapy there is a certain wise person, a mentor, or some kind of fairy-tale character who can give the child advice and thus guide him on some path to solve the problem. Personally, I am not a supporter of this approach and always assume that the child himself will best cope with the situation and will be able to find a solution himself if the conditions and framework for this are created. Therefore, if I use fairy tale therapy, as a rule, I try to give the child the role in which he himself must give advice to the character. So that he is not this character, so that he is the sage who can help someone else. This greatly increases self-esteem and instills in the child confidence in his own abilities.
The next method is art therapy. A very common technique that is loved by all professionals is drawing a non-existent animal. The child is asked to draw an animal that does not exist in the real world, which he has never seen in films, games, or cartoons. So that this animal is somehow endowed with some qualities, which the child will then be asked to talk about. Of course, in this case the child uses his own unconscious and realizes some things on paper that he may be dealing with himself. The child then needs to name this animal and tell him what it can do. There are features that a psychologist looks at. A parent can also try this method, but it is dangerous here, because if the parent interprets it on their own, reading, for example, Wikipedia or some other resources, then there is a risk of simply panicking. Although in reality everything is fine with the child, he is just fantasizing. It is not necessary that if the child says that his animal is very lonely, lives in isolation, and is not friends with anyone, that the child’s situation is exactly the same. These fantasies can arise from completely different things, visible only to a professional. Therefore, a parent can play such games with a child, but it is better to leave diagnostic questions to psychologists. Perhaps these are the most popular methods for diagnosing young children.
As for the school period, junior grades, as a rule, diagnosis comes down to the characteristics of interpersonal relationships with peers, with parents and with teachers. There is a wonderful method called the Rene Gilles technique, on which pictures are drawn where such schematically depicted men are located, and the child needs to find himself among these men. Show where it is. This positioning of oneself in a group is very informative for a psychologist. But in addition to this point in society that the child identifies, the psychologist asks a number of questions, and on the basis of them he will be able to form a certain portrait of the child, on the basis of which an intervention can be built and help the child improve interaction in those areas of life in which it is difficult for him. This is just one of the methods, but it is quite bright and informative. I also personally very often resort to a method called the Rosenzweig Frustration Tolerance Technique. What is frustration is a reaction to aggression, it is a kind of disappointment when we encounter some kind of obstacle, and there are several options for how we can react to this. In order for the child to be able to answer the question of how he reacts to an obstacle, he is placed in a situation where he needs to continue his statement. There are characters drawn in the picture, and the character for whom the child needs to complete the phrase, as a rule, is in some very unfortunate situation. He is offended by adults, he is offended by his peers, something does not turn out the way he would like. The child needs to answer as this person would answer. We notice that over time the child begins to endow the character with some of his own characteristics, on the basis of which the psychologist can also form an impression of how the child usually behaves in certain situations. This is also a good way to establish contact with your child and learn more about him. You can ask questions not only about the methodology, but also somehow along the way ask questions about something else, thus creating a more expanded profile.
Date of publication: 02/19/16
