Daily routine in kindergarten: routine, schedule of classes, meals and sleep

Daily routine in kindergarten

The daily routine in kindergarten depends on the age of the child, the specialization of the preschool educational institution, and other factors at the discretion of the teacher (methodologist, management).
Activities that require increased mental stress for children are carried out in the first half of the day, alternating with physical education, music, and fine arts. This is important in order not to overload the child, to make him a comprehensively developed personality to the delight of his father and mother.

Nursery group (2–3 years)

It is important to follow the daily routine in kindergarten from the nursery on. This is necessary so that kids adapt faster

It is important to speed up the process of getting used to the teachers and nanny so that the child does not worry and goes to kindergarten with joy every morning. Approximate daily schedule:

Junior group (3–4 years old)

Middle group (4–5 years old)

Senior (5–6 years old)

Preparatory group (6–7 years old)

Daily routine for a 3 year old child

A child of this age is very active and physically quite resilient. A thirst for knowledge, an interest in the world around him and a passion for change awakens in him: the baby is still unable to hold attention to one activity for a long time; he constantly changes types of activities. It is important to properly organize the daily routine so that, on the one hand, the inquisitive and enterprising little one does not get bored, and on the other hand, to avoid excessive physical and mental fatigue.

Usually this is the age of entry into kindergarten, which means that the child is included in the regime of the preschool institution where he goes.

For a smooth adaptation to kindergarten, it is good if you manage to find out the daily routine in the preschool institution where your child is sent, and begin to bring your schedule closer to it several months before actually entering kindergarten.

The time of morning rise and afternoon rest, hours of feeding and developmental activities, as well as walks on the street - according to these parameters, you can plan your day at home. In this way, you will ensure that your baby has a smooth transition into a new social situation and will minimize the consequences of stress associated with it.

Pediatricians also advise children who do not attend preschool institutions to adhere to the daily routine established in kindergarten, since the daily routine there is based on physiological, psychological and sanitary-hygienic standards designed for preschool-age children.

• Dream. It happens that a baby refuses daytime sleep closer to 3 years (and sometimes soon after two). In this case, daytime should be organized so that the child spends it in a state of calm wakefulness (for example, looking at pictures in a book): this will allow the nervous system to rest and avoid overwork.
• The daily sleep duration of a 3-year-old child is 11–13 hours.
• Wakefulness. Each period of wakefulness takes 6 – 6.5 hours. For babies who get tired easily, weakened children, periods of wakefulness can be reduced to 5 - 5.5 hours by lengthening sleep. The range of attention of a 3-year-old child has expanded significantly compared to a one-year-old baby: now the baby can do the same thing for 20 - 30 minutes. But it is still necessary to ensure that the types of activities alternate rationally. All previously favorite games are preserved, and the activities of the artistic and aesthetic cycle become more diverse: for example, in addition to plasticine and paints, the child can begin to master scissors and make appliques, fold simple origami models, try to extract more rhythmic melodies from musical instruments.
• Walks. The twice-daily walks that the child has already become accustomed to in previous years are retained. True, due to greater perseverance, it may now be somewhat more difficult to take the baby outside. Don't give up and go for a walk, especially in the early evening. It is advisable not to skip this walk: it is especially important due to the baby’s growing fatigue towards the end of the day. Fresh air will relieve nervous tension and physically prepare the child for an easy bedtime that will be calmer and longer.
• Games and activities. After 3 years, a child can already participate in developmental activities within half an hour. It is still important to distribute them correctly throughout the day. Not only the child’s inclinations and wishes are taken into account, but also a timely change of activities. This switching avoids overwork and keeps the baby in a cheerful and good mood.
• Nutrition. The baby has 4 meals a day, 1 - 2 light snacks are acceptable for children who cannot withstand four-hour breaks between meals.

Follow the “30 minute rule”: meals should not last longer than this time, even if the child’s plate is not yet empty, eating is not a game.

• Hygiene and rituals. After 3 years of age, a child can already take a bath and shower on his own, although it is still a little difficult for him to deftly use a towel, and therefore may require adult help. At this age, it is very important to monitor hygiene after using the potty. Children may not attach much importance to this nuance, and parents should carefully and unobtrusively monitor this important skill of maintaining cleanliness after using the toilet. The main task of parents at this age is to stimulate active independent activity in children, to develop and consolidate existing skills and abilities through constant repetition .

Factors that help maintain healthy sleep in children

Failure to comply with any of the points will cause the development of insomnia.

The famous pediatrician Evgeniy Olegovich Komarovsky compiled a list of recommendations to help parents:

Sleep requirements vary depending on a person's age. Newborns rest for over 18-20 hours a day, and children in high school no more than 8-9. Deviation from generally accepted indicators is not considered a pathology if the difference is small and the child feels well. You need to be wary of signs of sleep deprivation.

Article on the topic “Daily routine in early preschool age, its meaning and organization”

Daily routine in early preschool age, its meaning and organization

The daily routine of a preschooler is a rational, clear alternation of wakefulness, sleep, nutrition, hygiene and health procedures, classes and independent activities of children, repeated daily in a certain sequence. The daily routine for children is the basis of education, teaching the child to use time resources responsibly, self-discipline, developing character and willpower [1].

The regime must provide favorable conditions for development, therefore it varies depending on the age of the child, his state of health, the characteristics of the work of adults, the life of the family and the institution in which the child is being raised. If the daily routine is not followed, the following consequences may occur for the child: tearfulness, irritability; instability of psycho-emotional state; developmental disabilities; difficulties in accustoming the child to the routine of kindergarten or school.

The daily routine in a preschool educational institution is a rational duration and reasonable alternation of various types of activities and rest for children during a 12-hour stay in kindergarten. The basic principles of constructing a regime in a preschool educational institution are its compliance with the age-related psychophysiological characteristics of children, systematicity and consistency [2].

The main components of the regime in a preschool educational institution are: sleep, staying in the open air (walk), direct educational activities, play activities and rest of one's own choice (free time), eating, personal hygiene. The daily routine is considered correct if it provides sufficient time to perform all the necessary elements of life and high performance throughout the entire period of wakefulness, prevents the development of fatigue, and increases the overall resistance of the body [3].

When conducting regime processes, the preschool educational institution adheres to the following rules:

— Complete and timely satisfaction of all organic needs of children (sleep, nutrition).

— Thorough hygienic care, ensuring cleanliness of the body, clothes, bed.

— Involving children in participating in regime processes within their means; encouraging independence and activity.

— Formation of cultural and hygienic skills.

— Emotional communication during routine processes.

— Taking into account the needs and individual characteristics of each child.

— Calm and friendly tone of address, careful attitude towards the child, elimination of long expectations, since the appetite and sleep of babies directly depend on the state of their nervous system [4].

The accuracy of the daily routine largely depends on how the child himself regulates his behavior on the basis of developed habits and self-care skills. Experience shows that strict adherence to the established routine day after day gradually develops the child’s active desire to carry out the routine independently, without prompting from adults, without coercion, and this contributes to the formation of such important qualities of behavior as organization and self-discipline, a sense of time, and the ability to save it.

The daily routine is of great importance for the health and comprehensive physical development of preschool children. As the great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov pointed out, constant time for eating, sleeping, walking in the air, and playing outdoor games is a prerequisite for the proper physical education of young children [5].

According to the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education, an approximate daily routine has been developed for each age group of preschool educational institution [6]. The standard regime is designed for a 12-hour stay of children in a preschool institution. For each age period, a regimen is recommended that takes into account the physiological needs and physical capabilities of children of a given age.

In a preschool educational institution, the maximum volume of children’s workload during direct educational activities has been established in accordance with the requirements imposed by the current legislation of the Russian Federation, sanitary and hygienic standards and programs implemented in the preschool educational institution.

The preschool educational institution in its activities is guided by sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.4.1. 3049-13, which regulate the activities of preschool organizations regardless of type, organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, except for family groups located in residential apartments (residential buildings). They were approved by Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated May 15, 2013 No. 26 and are aimed at protecting the health of pupils when carrying out activities related to: training, education, development and health improvement, care and supervision. Monitoring the implementation of these sanitary rules is carried out by Rospotrebnadzor [7].

SanPiN requirements for kindergartens, as amended as of 2019-2020, are aimed at protecting children's health in the process of caring for pupils, supervising them, educating them and teaching them in groups that are located in residential premises of the housing stock. This document spells out the provisions on what conditions should be provided in a preschool educational institution, how the educational process should be organized, what products can be fed to children in kindergarten, etc. The requirements are periodically updated, and newer and newer requirements arise for the microclimate and placement of children in the kindergarten. garden, new norms and rules of nutrition, lighting, temperature conditions, dishwashing standards, epidemiological requirements, technological nuances.

A rational regime is based on the optimal ratio of wakefulness and sleep, mental and physical activity, and taking into account the rhythm of digestion [8].

Staying outdoors (walking) is the most effective type of recreation, allowing you to harden the body and increase physical activity. Walks are especially important for preschool children: in winter, at least 4-4.5 hours, and in summer, if possible, all day. The walk is organized 2 times a day: in the first half of the day - before lunch and in the second half of the day - after a nap or before the children go home. When the air temperature is below minus 15° C and the wind speed is more than 7 m/s, the duration of the walk is reduced. The walk is not carried out when the air temperature is below minus 15° C and the wind speed is more than 15 m/s with children under 4 years old. Daytime sleep for children 4 years of age is at least 2 hours. Independent activity takes at least 3–4 hours during the day [7].

The duration of continuous direct educational activity is: for children of the 4th year of life - no more than 15 minutes. The maximum permissible weekly educational load, including the implementation of additional educational programs, in the younger group (children of the fourth year of life) is 2 hours 45 minutes. The maximum permissible amount of educational load in the first half of the day in the younger group does not exceed 30 minutes. In the middle of the year (January), week-long holidays are organized for pupils of preschool groups, during which the content of educational activities is aimed at the aesthetic and health development of children (musical, sports games and entertainment, visual arts). Educational activities on the physical development of children of the 4th year of life are organized in preschool educational institutions 3 times a week. Its duration depends on the age of the children and is 15 minutes in the younger group. In the warm season, under favorable meteorological conditions, educational activities on physical development are organized as much as possible in the open air [9].

Sleep ensures complete functional restoration of all body systems. The physiological need for sleep in children of different ages depends on the characteristics of their nervous system and health status. A good night's sleep is important for both preschoolers and schoolchildren. A child under 5 years old is supposed to sleep 12.5-12 hours a day (of which approximately 10-11 hours at night and 1.5-2.5 hours during the day). The time allotted for night sleep is from 9-9 hours 30 minutes in the evening to 7-7 hours 30 minutes in the morning. Preschool children sleep once during the day. They are put to bed so that they wake up at 15-15 hours 30 minutes. It is not advisable to organize daytime sleep later - this would inevitably cause a later bedtime at night [7].

Activity is the main factor in the development of a child’s growing body. The alternation of activities of different nature and load causes alternate excitation of different parts of the cortex, and the cortex as a whole is protected from overwork. Nowadays, when neuro-emotional stress and the flow of information have increased significantly, this is of particular importance. In total, 75-80% of the time spent in kindergarten is spent on sedentary activities, while the child has an inherent need for active movements.

A child's wakefulness should include educational games, being in the fresh air, and communicating with peers. Do not forget about “free time” for the child, when he is not busy with other activities and can do what interests him.

A child’s performance and activity levels are not the same throughout the day. Their rise is observed from 8 to 2 hours and from 16 to 18 hours, and the minimum period occurs at 14-16 hours. The best performance indicators are observed on Tuesday and Wednesday, and starting from Thursday, it worsens again, reaching its lowest performance on Friday and Saturday. Consequently, by the end of the week, gradual and steady age-related fatigue occurs. To a certain extent, this is due to the long duration of the sedentary state of children engaged in quiet games, household work, and educational work [10].

Meals are an obligatory component of the regime, which is organized taking into account the breaks between breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack and dinner within 4 hours. It is unacceptable for children to sit at the table waiting for food and after eating it - this contributes to fatigue. Good nutrition is the key to a child’s health. Nutrition should be balanced, combining proteins, fats and vitamins in equal quantities.

Rest should ensure complete restoration of all physiological systems of the body. In a child accustomed to a strict routine, the need for food, sleep, and rest occurs at certain intervals and is accompanied by rhythmic changes in the activity of all internal organs. The body, as it were, adjusts in advance to the upcoming activity, so it is carried out quite efficiently, without unnecessary waste of nervous energy and does not cause pronounced fatigue.

The daily routine in a preschool educational institution should be varied, taking into account all possible situations: bad weather, lack of staff, quarantines and periods of increased morbidity. This mode is usually called flexible, since it is developed on the basis of a system of quick response to a suddenly changed situation. When transforming the daily routine into a flexible one, the age of the children, their individual mental characteristics, and the program according to which the preschool educational institution operates are taken into account [11].

During periods of increased morbidity, the daily routine increases the total duration of children’s stay in the fresh air, provides time for therapeutic and preventive procedures, and reduces the volume of educational activities with increased physical and intellectual stress [10]. Children who do not follow a daily routine are more susceptible to colds.

The optimal daily routine is compiled in accordance with the following principles:

— Monday and Friday should not be intellectually loaded;

- each day should be different from the previous one in the nature of gaming and educational activities, the place and form of their organization;

— time should be provided for informal communication between teacher and child, joint games between adults and children; carrying out preventive measures, relaxation and musical breaks.

Thus, the daily routine is the routine of life. The daily routine is carried out throughout the entire period of raising children in a preschool educational institution, maintaining consistency, constancy and gradualness, and corresponds to the age-related psychophysiological characteristics of preschool children. And the more carefully parents and educators think through the daily routine and try to implement it into life, the more it will have a positive impact on all aspects of the child’s life and health.

List of used literature:

1. Fomin, N.A. Physiological bases of motor activity [Text] / N.A. Fomin, Yu.N. Vavilov. — M.: Physical education and sports. - 2013. - 224 p.
2. Vasilyeva, M.A. Education and training program in kindergarten [Text] / M. A. Vasilyeva, T. S. Komarova. - M.: Mosaic-Synthesis. - 2015. - 157 p.
3. Pozdnyak, L.V. Management of preschool education [Text]: textbook / L.V. Pozdnyak [and others]. - M.: Publishing Center Academy. - 1999. - 432 p.
4. Organization of the daily routine in kindergarten [Electronic resource]. — Access mode: https://xn-3-7sblbduo6ci.xn, free.
5. Pavlov, I.P. Physiology. Selected works [Text] / I.P. Pavlov. 2nd ed. — M.: Jurayt. — 2021. — 395 p.
6. Federal state standard of preschool education. – M.: Center for Pedagogical Education, 2021. – 34 p.
7. Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13 as of 2021 / current edition [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: https://xn—-etbdbxf0aacqne0a.xn--p1ai/zakon/rebenok/sanpin_detski_sad.
8. Kudryavtsev, V.T. Principles of developmental pedagogy of health improvement [Text] / V.T. Kudryavtsev // Health and physical development of children in preschool educational institutions: problems and ways of optimization: collection of articles. articles and documents. — ed. T.I. Overchuk. — 2nd edition. Corrected and additional - M.: GNOM and D. - 2012. - P. 84-92.
9. Educational program of preschool education of the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Sevastopol “Kindergarten No. 126 of a combined type” [

   Text
   ]
   . - Sevastopol. — 2021. — 86 p.

10. Organization of the daily routine, its importance in raising children [Electronic resource]. — Access mode: https://xreferat.com/71/3137-1-organizaciya-rezhima-dnya-ego-znachenie-v-vospitanii-deteiy.html, free.
11. Pozdnyak, L.V. Management of preschool education [Text]: textbook / L.V. Pozdnyak [and others]. - M.: Publishing Center Academy. - 1999. - 432 p.

Lunch and nap

After returning home, the baby is ready for dinner. The diet of a three-year-old child should include soups, meat dishes with a side dish of vegetables, cereals or pasta. Then you can play something calm for a short time or read a book, and then go to bed for an afternoon nap, which will last 1.5-2 hours.

When a child turns three years old, parents may face a developmental crisis in their child. One of the manifestations is refusal to fulfill any requests from elders, including going to bed at the appropriate time. Sometimes adults decide that the baby no longer needs a daytime nap and do not insist. In fact, this is a misconception. Until the age of 6, it is difficult for a child to do without rest. Therefore, you have to look for ways to put your little one to sleep, based on his preferences.

• You can offer to put the toys to bed and set a personal example for them.
• Come up with a simple game that ends in the crib.
• If your baby loves music, then you can turn on his calm melody when he gets into bed.

Rituals that are repeated day after day will help overcome this difficult period.

Child development

Many parents try to “float” their child to grandparents if they are going to a store, museum or exhibition. Believe me, you are depriving both yourself and your baby of valuable communication. Attending cultural events is one of the important elements of education. Try to organize all kinds of trips every weekend: sightseeing tours, meeting animals at the zoo, visiting the circus or cinema.

By the age of five, children have enough perseverance to withstand up to two hours of daily study. If you have regularly studied with your child before, he is most likely already a decent reader, so try to regularly update your library, alternating the purchase of fairy tales with the purchase of scientific and educational literature

Important! If your child does not attend kindergarten, preschool education falls entirely on your shoulders; alternatively, you can send your daughter or son to a developmental group

ABC of the regime

There are rules in all areas of our lives, and they also exist in observing the regime. As we said above, there is a diet for preschoolers, physical activity, sleep, games, and activities.

Diet. If we are talking about proper nutrition, then the regime is most accurately followed in preschool institutions, so it is worth focusing specifically on the organization of nutrition in kindergarten:

• at least 4 times a day;
• a hot meal at least 3 times a day;
• according to daily caloric needs: breakfast 25%, lunch 40%, afternoon snack 15%, dinner 20%;
• according to the daily calorie intake: 5 years – 2000 kcal, 6 years – 2200 kcal, 7 years – 2400 kcal;
• by quantity - you should not give a portion larger than the child usually eats (it is better to add a supplement).

The menu should include meat and dairy products, bread, vegetables and fruits every day.

In terms of time, the mode is built like this:

• breakfast at 8-9 o'clock,
• lunch at 12-13 o'clock,
• afternoon tea at 15-16 hours,
• dinner at 18:30-19:30 hours.

Meal times should be the same on weekdays and weekends.

It is advisable that the last meal be an hour and a half before bedtime.

Mode of physical activity and rest. Every day a child makes many movements, so physical activity means not only physical education, but also active games, sports, movement and relaxation. And here, too, there is a regime that ensures proper physical development.

• The peak of physical activity should occur in the first half of the day.
• Weekly physical activity for children 5-7 years old is 6-8 hours per week, according to SanPiN.
• Morning exercises are required.
• Physical education classes in a preschool institution - 3 times a week: children 5 years old - 25 minutes, children 6-7 years old - 30 minutes.
• Outdoor active games while walking (in bad weather they are replaced by a full set of exercises indoors).
• Physical education minutes between mental activities.
• Exercising after a nap.
• Moderately active games on the second walk.

Moderate physical activity should be observed immediately before breakfast, before mental activities and in the evening before bed.

Sleeping mode. A proper sleep schedule helps restore your baby's mental and physical strength that was spent on the active part of his day. Not only his psycho-emotional state, but also his physical health depends on how a child’s sleep is organized. Healthy sleep means strong immunity. And now, in order.

• Duration of sleep for preschoolers: 5-6 years – 12 hours, 7 years – 10-11 hours. But much is individual - depending on temperament and workload, the required time for sleep may increase.
• Morning awakening should occur at 7:00-8:00, it depends on biorhythms and family habits, but you should not wake up later.
• Daytime sleep in children 5-6 years old lasts 1-1.5 hours. At 7 years old, a baby may refuse to sleep, but active children need about 1 hour of sleep.
• Evening bedtime depends on the presence of additional physical or emotional stress. It is recommended that children aged 5-6 years go to bed at 20:30 - 21:00. At 7 years old it is possible to shift the time of falling asleep by half an hour.

Mode of exercise (mental activity). Both kindergarteners and children who do not attend kindergarten are not deprived of developmental activities in preschool age. But like any other activity, the time and number of classes must be correctly distributed and systematized. In other words, the home regime should not differ much from the regime in preschool institutions. The organization of classes in the general daily routine is as follows:

In the morning after breakfast - two or three multidirectional classes. Duration of classes according to age: 4-5 years – 20-25 minutes per type; 6-7 years – 30-35 minutes.

If the walk is cancelled, you can add another creative activity or educational game.

Features of the daily routine of children in early age groups article (younger group)

Features of the daily routine of children in early age groups

The most important condition for the proper development of children is a clear daily routine that corresponds to age and individual characteristics. Most teachers, physiologists, doctors (N.M. Shchelovanov, N.M. Aksarina, I.A. Arshavsky, N.M. Fonarev and others) define the regime as the basis of the life of a small child.

A regime is a rational distribution in time and the correct mutual sequence of satisfying the basic physiological needs of the child’s body (sleep, eating, wakefulness), as well as a change in activities.

Wakefulness is an active state of the cerebral cortex, which is supported by stimuli from the outside world (I.P. Pavlov).

Sleep is also an active process because many nerve cells are active during sleep. But the activity of the sense organs is inhibited at this time. Sleep occurs as a result of natural fatigue after a sufficient duration (in accordance with age) of wakefulness. The alternation of sleep and wakefulness is an important condition for normal human mental activity.

Proper organization of children's lifestyle is a necessary condition for the normal development of the nervous system. Taking into account the age characteristics of the child, the regime should provide for the presence of all elements of the child’s life (sleep, walk, activity, etc.), disciplining and promoting normal physical development.

Indicators of a properly designed regime are:

1. The child’s absence of negative emotions (crying, whims, negative reactions, etc.).

2. The baby's activity level is appropriate for his age.

3. The child calmly moves from one state to another (from wakefulness to sleep and vice versa), from one type of activity to another.

4. The child has a good appetite and deep sleep.

5. The child takes an active part in all routine processes and has a positive attitude towards them.

Leading teachers (N.M. Aksarina, G.M. Lyamina, M.Yu. Kistyakovskaya, etc.) formulated the basic methodological rules for conducting regime processes.

1. All routine processes should be aimed at timely and complete satisfaction of the organic needs of the child’s body. Adults' attention is focused on nurturing a child's positive attitude towards all routine processes (eating, hygiene procedures, activities, movements, going to bed, etc.). To do this, the adult’s requirements must always coincide with the child’s needs. An adult offers the child to eat when the baby is hungry, offers to sleep when he is tired, etc.

2. The child’s interest in the routine process increases if he takes an active part in it as much as possible. For example, at 10-11 months he holds a spoon and tries to scoop up food while eating, at 2 years he eats independently; at 1-6 months he takes off his socks, hat, etc. At 2-3 years old he tries to undress, dress, etc. on his own.

While actively participating in routine processes, a child may make mistakes and do things differently than the adult requires. Most often this happens due to the child’s lack of experience and knowledge. It is very important that an adult does not focus children’s attention on wrong actions, but teaches them how to do the right thing. For example, during feeding, the teacher noticed that the child took food from the plate not with a spoon, but with his hand. He approaches the child and quietly says: “Misha, take a spoon and eat. What a great fellow you are, you hold the spoon correctly.”

3. All routine processes must be used by adults to raise a child.

A child’s life passes in a constant alternation of sleep, wakefulness, and feeding. It is important to use all this for the development of the baby. For this purpose, it is necessary to discuss all the actions of an adult and a child, to name the properties of objects and phenomena. Form the necessary habits and behavioral skills. For example, during feeding, an adult not only forms rules of behavior for the child, but also enriches the vocabulary with the names of dishes and their qualities (sweet jelly, warm-hot milk, etc.).

4. The organization of a regime in a children's institution involves the gradual involvement of children in one or another regime process (the principle of gradualism). For example, when organizing feeding, the teacher offers 2-3 children to put away toys and wash their hands, after which the children sit at the table and are immediately served food, and at this time the other 2-3 children wash their hands and sit at the table, etc.

5. Before each regime process, the teacher gives instructions. For example: “We’ll have lunch soon. Seryozha, Masha, put the toys back and let’s go wash our hands.” The setting should be given a few minutes before the start of the regime process, so that children can switch to a new type of activity.

Physiological basis of daily routine

Sleep and wakefulness are two conjugate states. The nature of falling asleep, the depth and duration of sleep depend on how active the child was while awake. If a child has slept well, then his wakefulness, as a rule, is active.

The regime should provide the daily amount of sleep and wakefulness. For children attending a childcare center, a regime is drawn up not only for the duration of the child’s stay in kindergarten, but also for the home, i.e. for a day.

If a child is put to bed, fed, and kept awake at the same time, then he develops a system of conditioned reflexes at the time of eating, going to bed, and vigorous activity.

This system of conditioned reflexes for time, which I.P. Pavlov called a dynamic stereotype, constitutes the physiological basis of the regime. The existing dynamic stereotype prepares the body in advance for eating at a certain time, sleep, and vigorous activity, and thereby saves the child’s nervous energy.

The child's wakefulness is associated with active activity - excitation of nerve cells under the influence of external stimuli entering the cerebral cortex through the corresponding receptors (eye, ear, skin, etc.). The central nervous system of a child of early and preschool age is still weak, and during wakefulness he gets tired easily.

When drawing up a regimen, the operating capacity limit of the child’s nervous system is taken as a basis, which, for example, changes many times during early childhood. The performance limit of the nervous system at different age periods determines the duration of wakefulness, the amount of daytime and night sleep. Properly organized and sufficiently long sleep is of great importance for restoring the normal state of nerve cells. During sleep, the child should fully regain his strength. And for this, sleep must be complete and deep. And this must be taken into account in children's institutions.

Pedagogical and hygienic significance of the daily routine

Following a daily routine allows you to solve many pedagogical problems.

The development and education of personality in preschool age occurs in the so-called “everyday” activities: in various routine moments (washing, feeding, dressing and undressing).

By creating conditions for this activity and communicating with the child, the teacher solves a number of problems:

- education of independence as relative independence from an adult (its prerequisite is the formation of elementary instrumental actions on an emotional and visual basis);

- accumulation of experience of independent actions in everyday processes contributes to the development of self-respect and self-esteem. Through actions with household items (towel, soap, dishes, items of clothing and shoes, etc.), the foundations of a future work culture and frugality are laid;

— education of neatness skills, food culture, which is usually called cultural and hygienic skills. They protect the child’s health and are associated with the upbringing of his general culture;

- fostering a friendly attitude towards each other, since in a kindergarten, when performing self-service processes, many situations arise that require personal and “business” contacts from children.

It is important for the teacher to create certain conditions for the successful solution of the above problems. The entire environment for performing household processes must be adapted to the growth of the child. All items and equipment for basic work activities (oilcloth, aprons, mittens, rags, etc.) must have a specific storage location that the children know. All this will contribute to the independence of children.

The child’s participation in all processes must be accompanied by positive emotions, otherwise the child becomes immune to pedagogical influences. Therefore, it is important that the water for washing is warm and the tap is at such a level that water does not flow into the sleeve; soap - of such a size that a child can hold it in his still very inept hands; the food utensils attracted attention with their appearance, etc.

All regime moments should be thought out from the point of view of the gradual inclusion of children in the process (individually or in groups of 2-3 people) in order to ensure an individual approach to children as much as possible. It is important to take into account that there are children who are slow or, conversely, active, and the teacher must provide each child with the time necessary for independent actions.

Of great importance in solving educational problems are game techniques for encouraging correct actions, exercises in actions on special material (for example, frames with fasteners, buttons, snaps, laces, etc.).

The mental and personal development of children occurs not only in everyday activities organized in routine processes, but also in the conditions of learning in the classroom.

Classes are the main, most effective form of teaching children. Classes ensure the targeted development of the child, as they are conducted in accordance with the program, taking into account their individual development. In classes under the guidance of a teacher, children acquire knowledge about the life around them, skills and abilities. They develop all mental processes: perception, memory, attention, thinking, speech. Already at an early age, children acquire basic learning skills in classes. They learn to listen carefully to the teacher, perceive the task, and act in accordance with it. During the classes, children acquire some knowledge and life skills in a children's community (not to disturb each other, work with their own toy, wait while an adult is working with another child, etc.).

The children's interest in the lesson is supported by the emotional attitude of the teacher to what he shows and talks about. An adult’s emotional attitude to an activity is most often expressed through facial expressions and speech. It is important to change intonation and use it to highlight the main thing that the teacher wants to draw the children’s attention to. The teacher’s speech should be understandable to children, clear, literate, and the phrases should be short. Where necessary, the teacher uses artistic expression.

The objects and aids that the teacher uses in the lesson play a big role when conducting classes with children. They should be bright, attractive, and arouse children's interest. But it is not enough for children to just see an object. They always have a desire to touch it, examine it, act with it. That is why, for example, at an early age, the leading method of teaching is visual and effective. When using this method, children have the opportunity not only to watch, listen, but also to act with the object, answer questions, i.e. show activity, independence, and an emotional attitude to the subject.

When organizing classes with children, the teacher must remember that the more analyzers (visual, tactile, auditory, motor) are involved in perception and the more active the child, the deeper the impression and the stronger the memory, and therefore the higher the learning effect of the lesson.

The hygienic importance of the daily routine lies in the proper organization of sleep, diet, and wakefulness.

So, the hygienic organization of sleep is as follows. Before going to bed, you cannot feed your child plenty of tea, coffee, cocoa, outdoor games are unacceptable, because as a result, the child cannot fall asleep immediately, and as a result does not get enough sleep. To help children fall asleep quickly and sleep well, it is recommended to put them to bed at the same time. The speech of adults should be gentle, quiet, movements soft and calm. Each child should have his own crib. You cannot rock a child to sleep or sing songs to him, because... this may become a habit, without which he will not be able to fall asleep quickly. In the room where children sleep, the windows and transoms should be open, but they are closed 20-30 minutes before the children get up. During sleep, the child should be in a state of thermal comfort. It is very important to choose comfortable and warm clothes for him to sleep in accordance with the time of year.

Light and loud conversations are not allowed during sleep. A child should not sleep with his head covered in a blanket, on his stomach or buried in a pillow. It is harmful for children to lie in the same position all the time; this can lead to deformation of the skull, chest, and spine. Parents should also know these rules.

For the proper development of a child, a rational diet is necessary. Children should eat at exactly the right time. It is important that the child does not receive breakfast when leaving for kindergarten, otherwise he will refuse it in kindergarten and thereby disrupt his diet.

Decreased appetite (anorexia) is a common occurrence in children, especially young children. This occurs as a result of feeding the child against his desire or under the influence of any irritants (burn of the mouth, too hot food, harsh remarks from adults during feeding, etc.). More often, this is observed in children with a weakened nervous system during the period of adaptation to a preschool institution. Therefore, it is necessary to create a calm, friendly environment during meals, keep children in a good mood, do not scold the child if he eats slowly, and do not make frequent comments to him.

When organizing wakefulness, it is also necessary to take into account hygienic requirements. Children who are captivated by an interesting game do not feel tired, but improperly structured activities can be a strain on the child’s nervous system and quickly lead to fatigue.

The nervous system of young children is characterized by weak endurance and rapid fatigue. Therefore, for example, classes in early age groups should not exceed 5-10 minutes in the 2nd year of life and 5-20 minutes in the 3rd year. And during the lesson, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the children and at the first signs of fatigue (motor restlessness, inappropriate responses, distraction, redness or paleness of the skin, slight coughing, etc.), the teacher must take measures: change the position of the children, arouse interest with using surprise moments, giving a motor task, etc. If these measures do not help, then it is better to stop the activity. Under no circumstances should children be forced to study.

It is important to think carefully about the alternation of activities. Games that require significant mental effort should be followed by outdoor games that do not require great mental effort.

Activities need to be organized so that they vary in complexity. For example, it is impossible to conduct physical education and modeling classes on the same day, because for physical education, children must change clothes, and modeling requires washing hands, cleaning tables, etc. When classes are organized in this way, children become overexcited, tired, and their mood and well-being worsen.

Physical exercise and walks in the fresh air should definitely be included in the daily routine, especially in the summer. In winter, it is recommended to walk with children at least 2 times a day at specially designated times. Walking has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, improves appetite, sleep, mood, trains the cardiovascular system, and is one of the means of hardening.

Physical exercise plays a huge role in the formation of a child’s body. They promote the development of all organs and systems: the motor system, coordination of movements, increase muscle excitability, pace, strength, general endurance, cause increased cardiac activity, on the work of which the supply of the entire body with oxygen and nutrients depends.

Process nuances

Each type of activity (games, food, walks, learning) must be carried out in compliance with certain nuances. With their help, you can make your child more energetic and cheerful.

Nutrition rules

In order for a child to grow up healthy and receive all the necessary vitamins, he needs to be provided with proper and balanced nutrition. The best option would be to distribute food evenly throughout the entire waking period. Doctors recommend following the following frequency:

1. Children under 3 years old. At this age, it is enough to provide four meals a day (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner).
2. From 3 to 5 years. Babies belonging to this age category are also recommended to eat 4 times a day. At the same time, light snacks (fruit, ice cream, sweets, desserts) are allowed between meals.
3. From 5 years to school entry. Children at this age should be provided with five meals a day as they need more energy to learn and prepare for school.

It is equally important to choose the right products for your daily diet. All harmful ingredients that can negatively affect the functioning of the digestive system should be excluded from the general list.

Key points to consider when choosing products:

The daily diet must include the following ingredients: butter, milk, stewed or steamed meat, porridge (rice, buckwheat, oatmeal), potatoes, bread, as well as fresh vegetables and fruits. About 2 or 3 times a week you need to pamper your child with fish stews, cottage cheese, hard cheese and eggs. The preschooler's menu should constantly change

It is important that the products consumed are repeated as rarely as possible. Meat must be combined with cereals or vegetables. It is recommended to give your child a small portion of salad before meals. With the help of this dish, the secretion of gastric juice will be stimulated, which will have a positive effect on appetite. Sweet and juicy fruits are best eaten in the evening.

Sleep organization

In order for the baby to fully rest, it is necessary to provide him with appropriate conditions. The optimal duration of sleep depends on age and individual characteristics of the body. Children under 5 years old are recommended to rest at least 12 hours a day (9 hours at night and 3 during the day). Older boys and girls should sleep 1 hour less.

In order for the child to fall asleep quickly, it is recommended to avoid activities that excite the nervous system 1-2 hours before rest. These include:

• noisy games;
• sitting at a computer;
• watching TV.

Very often, preschoolers refuse to nap during the day. You can replace it with some low-active activities (reading, passive games, lying on the bed). Lack of sleep leads to poor mood, health, and learning ability.

Walking and physical activity

To improve health, it is necessary to include regular walks in the fresh air and outdoor games in a preschooler’s daily routine. Doctors recommend walking regularly, except on rainy and very cold days.

Daily walks will help improve:

• metabolic rate;
• functioning of the cardiovascular system;
• resistance to various diseases;
• state of the respiratory system.

A combination of fresh air and physical activity will be beneficial for your baby. It is allowed to perform any actions that will help strengthen health and immunity. It's best to do:

• running warm-up;
• sports games (football, basketball, badminton);
• exercises aimed at strengthening the muscular system (pull-ups on the horizontal bar, push-ups);
• entertaining games.

Daily routine for a 2 year old child

• Dream. At this age, a child should sleep 12–13 hours a day, of which 10–11 hours at night and 1.5–2.5 hours during the day.
• Wakefulness. A 2-year-old child can stay awake actively, without overwork, for 4.5 – 5.5 hours. As always, these averages can be adjusted to suit your individual needs. In addition, after illness or against the background of high fatigue, the child’s periods of wakefulness may be reduced, and the time of necessary sleep, on the contrary, may increase. Longer sleep allows you to restore strength, increases the body's protective barrier and relaxes the nervous system.
• Walks. As before, children spend part of their waking hours outdoors. The baby continues to work on coordinating movements, which become more dexterous and accurate. Physical activity becomes more varied, the child is now generally more mobile than at the age of one to two. To prevent the baby from becoming overexcited (which always affects mood, speed of falling asleep, quality of sleep and its duration), parents should regulate the child’s vigorous activity on the street, offering him activities of varying intensity: running, playing in the sandbox, climbing slides, riding on a swing. But it is also impossible to limit physical activity with your prohibitions (even if they are related to safety issues), since this imperceptibly but steadily leads to a decrease in the child’s emotional tone, bad mood, dissatisfaction with the world around him, the baby gets tired faster, becomes whiny, and irritable.
• Games and activities. Nursery-type preschool institutions include in their schedule no more than 10 lessons per week (development of speech, movements, didactic games, music or dance minutes) lasting no more than 10 minutes. This schedule can be used to build your home schedule of developmental activities. Drawing, reading books and looking at pictures, construction sets, story games, dolls and houses for them, farms and animal figurines, puzzles, insert frames - this is a favorite set of games and activities for all children of this age, which in themselves can be educational if an adult will include a cognitive element in them and “modify” them a little (for example, compose a story based on a picture in a book).
• Nutrition. In the third year of life, a child’s diet becomes more and more varied and in many ways approaches the adult diet (of course, if the family adheres to the principles of healthy eating). The daily regimen for this age includes 4 feedings a day with an interval of 3.5 - 4 hours (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack and dinner). Some children find it difficult to withstand such long breaks without food. In these cases, healthy snacks are acceptable: a glass of baby kefir or baby yogurt.
• Hygiene and rituals. Teaching hygiene skills continues to be the most important routine at this age. Formed in time, they become good habits for life. Washing, washing hands, brushing teeth, using a napkin and utensils during meals, being neat at the table - the baby can already independently regulate all these actions.

Afternoon snack:

Recommended average daily nutritional intake <*> in kindergartens (g, ml, per 1 child)

<*> Deviations from recommended nutritional standards are allowed +/- 5%.

<1> In the event of the receipt of new types of food products, including imported goods, or in the case of the receipt of non-standard raw materials, the norms of waste and losses during the technological processing of these raw materials are determined by the preschool organization independently through control studies.

<2> The proportion of fermented milk products should be 135–150 ml for children aged 1–3 years and 150–180 ml for children aged 3–7 years;

<3> When using other raw materials, it is necessary to recalculate. Gross weight may vary depending on the raw material and season of the year. When creating a menu, it is necessary to ensure that natural nutrition standards are met in accordance with the data given in the net column.

<4> Including for preparing dishes and drinks; in the case of using industrial products containing sugar (condensed milk, jelly, etc.), the supply of sugar should be reduced in accordance with its amount supplied in the finished product used. RECOMMENDED RANGE

BASIC FOOD PRODUCTS FOR USE IN NUTRITION

CHILDREN IN PRESCHOOL ORGANIZATIONS

Why should you follow the regime?

According to doctors, the regime in kindergarten, which consists of repeating actions at the same time every day, contributes to the formation of stable mental and physiological health in children. For example, one of the main reasons that doctors associate with the appearance of rickets or scarlet fever is precisely a violation of the regime. A disrupted schedule, in turn, leads to deviations in the course of metabolic processes in the body and to a decrease in its resistance to infections.

All mothers are familiar with the situation when the child does not want to go to bed during the day. However, such a missed day's rest can provoke various kinds of nervous disorders. While the baby sleeps, his brain cells are restored and the perception of new information improves. If the baby didn’t get enough sleep, was overloaded with homework, or had a significant emotional incident, all this can cause the development of hyperactivity and various tics.

In addition, nutritionists and nutrition specialists from the University of Chicago concluded that failure to follow the sequence of actions and their time frame in kindergarten and at home is fraught with obesity. As a result, due to lack of sleep, improper distribution of hormones such as ghrelin and leptin occurs, which increases the child’s appetite.

The only specialists who are not supporters of the daily routine in a kindergarten are psychologists. In their opinion, if you force and impose someone else's will on a child, this will only suppress his individuality.

However, from a psychological point of view, one can find facts in favor of the regime. For example, thanks to its observance, the child is systematized and accustomed to order, which helps him adapt more quickly to kindergarten. When a child finds himself in new conditions, performing the same actions according to a schedule, he becomes more relaxed, because he knows that after lunch there will be sleep, followed by classes, after which one of the relatives will come.

Features of the regime in kindergarten

Naturally, children cannot immediately adapt to the unusual regime that is followed in kindergarten, so parents are advised to teach their child to follow the appropriate schedule at home even before entering the chosen institution. You can get acquainted with it on the website of the future preschool educational institution or in its educational program. The standard schedule of all preschool educational institutions is calculated for 12 hours, which the child spends in a preschool institution. Sometimes the manager may make certain small adjustments to the schedule according to geographic location and climate. However, the basic provisions regarding the time boundaries of sleep, activity and wakefulness remain the same as they are specified in the sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.4.1.2660 - 10.

The main nuances of the schedule in kindergartens are listed below:

Taking into account the age characteristics of children for their harmonious development. Active activity of children aged 3 to 7 years should not exceed 5.5-6 hours in duration, up to 3 years - according to medical prescriptions.

• The permissible educational load per week for preschoolers, which also includes additional classes: for junior groups attended by children under 4 years old - the volume is a maximum of 11 lessons, in middle groups with children under 5 years old - 12, in older groups with five-year-olds - 15, and in preparatory groups with children under 7 years old - 17 lessons.
• Season. There are two separate modes for the warm and cold seasons. The main difference between the two is that when it's warm outside, caregivers welcome babies outdoors rather than indoors, and most waking hours and physical activity also take place outside.

Regime or freedom?

Each country has its own attitude towards the regime. For example, in Holland children are put to bed at about 7 pm, Indians finish their evening meal only at 10 pm, and in Brazil a child can “feast” with his parents until 1 am. And yet, according to the work of recent years, if the family has a well-established routine and practices early bedtimes, the likelihood that the child will be obedient is much higher.

Research shows that a clear and strict routine does not affect a child's success in school. But it increases the baby’s social adaptability and calmness.

• New arguments in favor of the regime were published in a study by British scientists (Millennium Cohort Study). About 10,000 babies and their mothers took part in the survey, and at each age stage - 3, 5 and 7 years old - the results were similar: children who went to bed late and/or did not follow the schedule were more irritable and often hyperactive, and those who Those who went to bed according to a clear schedule turned out to be much calmer and socially adapted. Moreover, if the regime was absent at 3 years of age, but introduced at a later age, the child’s behavior invariably improved.
• These days, you can often find parents who regularly go out late at night with their younger children. The advantages of this situation are completely obvious: mom and dad do not suffer from isolation and lead a busy life, and children get used to communicating with different people and gain new experiences. In addition, a free schedule allows you to adapt to the individual characteristics of the child: some need more time to sleep, others less.
• No matter how free-thinking the idea of ​​a free schedule may seem to strict parents, in fact, almost all children develop their own specific schedule already in the first weeks of life. Parents with a free-roam philosophy simply follow their baby's natural biorhythms rather than setting a strict sleep and meal schedule. In this case, adults learn to be attentive to the child’s needs, catching changes in his mood and well-being in time and responding to them.
• There is no official sleep standard; you can easily determine it for your child yourself if you allow him to sleep in the morning and afternoon as much as he wants. Many doctors claim that this norm for a child from one to 4 years old is on average 12–14 hours a day, although, of course, much depends on the individual characteristics of a particular child.

In the case of a strict regime, the problem is that sooner or later every second or third child living according to such a schedule decides to rebel. This is real statistics cited by Western sleep experts.

Hardening

Most often, parents refrain from carrying out hardening procedures, waiting until the child is at least a little older

Perhaps, if you have been cautious before, now is the time to start. So:

• To daily washing of the face, add rubbing of the neck and hands;
• arrange foot baths, gradually reducing the water temperature;
• in the summer, teach your baby to swim in a pond, believe me, he will get great pleasure. When starting to harden their baby, some parents force things forward by using ice water for foot baths or rubdowns. Be careful and patient. Temperature reduction must be carried out gradually!

Approximate daily routine in a regular preschool educational institution

The daily routine in kindergarten consists of:

• diet, namely the time and number of meals;
• daytime sleep;
• walks;
• children's reception time;
• games and activities.

Teachers accept children to the kindergarten from the moment it starts working until 8 o'clock in the morning. The period while the reception lasts is a time for independent games in the group room or on the playground in the warm season. Before breakfast, time from 8.00 to 8.20/8.30 is allocated for morning exercises with a teacher or physical worker and for preparing for breakfast.

Morning classes

Starting from 9.00, classes are held for children aimed at helping them learn about the world around them, develop their speech skills and become familiar with the basics of mathematics. Teachers are responsible for conducting classes. They must prescribe an activity plan in advance in order to meet the allotted time. In addition to the teacher, a music worker and a physical educator can also work with the kids.

In addition to regular group classes, children can visit the pool 2 times a week, if available. In senior and preparatory groups, additional classes with a speech therapy focus are also organized, in which children train their speech. Only a speech therapist teacher is required to conduct them.

The duration and number of classes depends on age. For younger preschoolers, there are 2 classes a day, one before bedtime, the other after. In the middle group, the teacher works with the kids twice a day for a total of 10 hours. For older preschoolers, the number of classes increases to three, and their duration also increases.

Between classes there should be mandatory breaks when the children rest and move. This is the only way to keep your child active and cognitively active throughout the day.

Walks and naps

After classes are over and the children have had their second breakfast, it's time for a walk. In the nursery, the walk begins earlier than in other groups, and therefore also ends earlier; the children in them are the very first to have lunch. Since children go to the nursery group at 2-3 years old, taking into account the characteristics of a small body, wakefulness time is reduced, and daytime sleep, on the contrary, becomes longer.

With age, the child’s period of activity increases, thereby the baby’s body gradually prepares for school and the regime in it. In the middle group, walks usually last until 11.30-11.50, and in the preparatory group - up to 12.15-12.30. After returning from the street, the children will have lunch and a nap. The room where children sleep should be ventilated in advance, and the beds should be prepared for bed. The youngest go to bed at 12.30, the oldest at 13.00-13.15.

Afternoon

The rising time in kindergarten is the same for all groups. The children are woken up at 15.00, followed by washing, changing clothes and an afternoon snack. In the younger groups, after this, a second general education lesson is held, in the middle and older groups it is time for the children to play independently, read, cartoons or attend clubs that are available in the institution.

Evening meal times may vary depending on the schedule. After dinner, the kids usually go out for a walk again, where their parents gradually begin to come for them. In winter, the second walk does not last long, so the children are taken home to the group premises.

Example of a 3 year old child's daily routine

• 7:30 - wake up, morning toilet
• 8:00 - breakfast
• 8:30 – classes, games, gymnastics
• 10:00 - second breakfast
• 10:30 - walk
• 12:30 - lunch
• 13:00 - afternoon nap
• 15:30 - afternoon tea
• 16:00 - games, activities
• 16:30 - walk
• 18:30 - dinner
• 19:00 - games
• 20:00 - evening procedures, getting ready for bed
• 20:30 - night sleep

A child's adherence to a certain routine teaches him to be organized and makes life easier for him and his parents. It will be much easier for a child who adheres to the regime to adapt to the conditions of kindergarten in the future.