Methods and techniques of speech development in preschool children
Methods and techniques for speech development.
Relevance.
Speech is an integral part of people’s social existence, a necessary condition for the existence of human society. It is estimated that approximately 70% of a person's waking time is spent speaking, listening, reading, and writing—the four main types of speech activities.
Speech is, on the one hand, a tool for expressing our ideas, thoughts, and knowledge, and on the other, a means to enrich and expand them. To master, if possible, perfectly all types and manifestations of speech means to master the most powerful instrument of human mental development, and therefore, the culture of mankind. Nothing has such a negative impact on overall development as the backwardness of the language.
Speech in human life performs the following main functions:
- is a means of cognition, a necessary condition for human cognitive activity (thanks to speech, a person acquires knowledge, assimilates and transmits it);
- is a means of influencing consciousness, developing a worldview, norms of behavior, shaping tastes (i.e., speech is used to influence the views and beliefs of people, persuade them to actions and deeds, etc.);
— used in the process of joint work to coordinate efforts, plan work, check and evaluate its results;
- is a means of satisfying a person’s personal needs: in communication, in inclusion in a certain group of people (a person, as a social being, cannot live without connection with other people: he must consult, share thoughts, worry and empathize). Therefore, the topic “Methods and techniques for developing speech in kindergarten” is relevant.
Target
work: nurturing initiative and independence in children’s verbal communication.
Tasks
speech development:
1. Education of sound culture of speech.
2. Enrichment and activation of students’ vocabulary.
3. Formation of the grammatical structure of speech.
4. Teaching coherent speech through the activation of traditional and non-traditional methods in speech development.
System of work on speech development in kindergarten:
The role of speech development
Kindergarten age is a period of active acquisition by a child of spoken language, the formation and development of all aspects of speech - phonetic, lexical, grammatical. At this age, children’s social circle expands, which requires the child to fully master the means of communication, the main of which is speech. In the process of diverse communication, the child gets to know the natural, objective, social world around him in its integrity and diversity, forms and reveals his own inner world, his “I”, comprehends the spiritual and material values of society, gets acquainted with its cultural norms and traditions, and acquires a circle significant other people, while acting as an active subject of interaction.
A child with well-developed speech easily enters into communication with the world around him. He can clearly express his thoughts, desires, and consult with peers, parents, and teachers. Communication is an instrument of culture that is adapted for the development and formation of a person’s consciousness, his worldview, and for cultivating a humane attitude towards the natural, objective and social world around him.
This is a necessary condition for solving the problems of mental, aesthetic and moral education of children. The earlier speech development training begins, the more freely the child will use it in the future.
Methods of speech development.
The modern child finds himself in an active information flow and not everyone can navigate it. “Processing” all the information for a child often turns out to be a very difficult task. Therefore, speech development classes are an important component of the overall development of students.
Speech development
- (or
ontogenesis of speech
, from English
Language development
) the process of speech formation depending on the age characteristics of a person associated with mastering the means of both oral and written speech (language), which in turn characterize the development of communication skills, verbal thinking and literary creativity .
Methods of teaching speech development are defined as the way the teacher and children work, ensuring the acquisition of speech skills and abilities in children.
In the methodology of teaching a native language, three groups of methods
- visual, verbal and practical.
Visual methods are used in kindergarten much more often than others; they are divided into direct and indirect methods.
If the objects being studied can be observed by children directly, the teacher uses the observation method or its variations: inspection of the premises, excursion, examination of natural objects. These methods are aimed at accumulating the content of speech and providing communication between two signaling systems. If objects are not available for direct observation, the teacher introduces children to them indirectly, most often using visual means - looking at toys, illustrations, photographs, describing paintings and toys, talking about toys and paintings, watching films and filmstrips.
Indirect visual methods are used in kindergarten and for secondary familiarization with an object; they are used to consolidate knowledge, vocabulary, develop the generalizing function of words, and teach coherent speech. For this purpose, methods are used such as looking at pictures with content familiar to children, looking at toys (as conventional images that reflect the world around them in three-dimensional visual forms), children describing pictures and toys, and inventing plot stories.
Verbal methods are used less often in kindergarten than in school. In kindergarten, mainly those verbal methods that are associated with artistic expression are used. The teacher reads works of art provided by the program to the children. More complex methods are also used: learning by heart, retelling, telling without relying on visual material (story without showing (in early age groups), stories from the life experience of the teacher, stories about noble, heroic deeds of children and adults (in preschool groups)), summarizing conversation (for older preschoolers to consolidate previously accumulated knowledge and to accustom them to collective conversation).
These methods require reliance on visibility, therefore, all verbal methods use visual teaching techniques: showing objects, toys, looking at illustrations, paintings, or demonstrating a visual object to relax children or relax (reading poetry, riddles, etc.).
Practical methods are aimed at:
—
teaching children to apply acquired knowledge in practice;
— mastering and improving speech skills.
In kindergarten, practical methods are most often playful in nature.
Practical methods include various didactic games (games with visual material and verbal games - a universal method of consolidating knowledge and skills. It is used to solve all problems of speech development), dramatization games (working with familiar literary texts), dramatization games, round dance games , didactic exercises (familiarization with new things, consolidation of skills, creative processing of learned information). The main goal of these games and activities is to develop a culture of behavior in children; they are extremely important for the development of speech, as they enrich the vocabulary and consolidate speaking skills.
Depending on the nature of children’s speech activity, reproductive and productive methods can be roughly distinguished.
Reproductive methods are based on reproducing speech material and ready-made samples. In kindergarten, they are used mainly in vocabulary work, in the work of educating the sound culture of speech, and less in the formation of grammatical skills and coherent speech. Reproductive methods can conditionally include methods of observation and its varieties, looking at pictures, reading fiction, retelling, memorizing, games-dramatization of the content of literary works, many didactic games, i.e. all those methods in which children master words and the laws of their combination, phraseological phrases, some grammatical phenomena, for example, the management of many words, master by imitation of sound pronunciation, retell close to the text, copy the teacher’s story.
Productive methods involve children constructing their own coherent utterances, when the child does not simply reproduce the language units known to him, but selects and combines them in a new way each time, adapting to the communication situation. This is the creative nature of speech activity. From this it is obvious that productive methods are used in teaching coherent speech. These include generalizing conversation, storytelling, retelling with text restructuring, didactic games for the development of coherent speech, modeling method, creative tasks.
There is also no sharp boundary between productive and reproductive methods. There are elements of creativity in reproductive methods, and elements of reproduction in productive methods. Their ratio fluctuates. For example, if in a vocabulary exercise children choose from their vocabulary the most suitable word to describe an object, then in comparison with the same choice of a word from a number of given ones or repeating after the teacher when viewing and examining objects, the first task is more creative in nature. In independent storytelling, creativity and reproduction can also manifest themselves differently in stories based on a model, plan, or proposed topic. Characterization of well-known methods from the point of view of the nature of speech activity will make it possible to more consciously use them in practice with children.
Conclusion. Methods of teaching speech development are defined as the way the teacher and children work, ensuring the acquisition of speech skills and abilities in children.
Speech development techniques.
The technique is the main element of the method. Currently, the method of speech development does not have a stable classification of techniques, however, according to the role of clarity and emotionality, they can be divided into verbal, visual, practical (game)
Verbal techniques have become the most widespread in kindergarten
. These include: speech sample, repeated speaking, explanation, directions, verbal exercise, assessment of children's speech, question.
Speech model is the correct, pre-worked speech (language) activity of the teacher, intended for imitation by children and their orientation for repetition and imitation. It is pronounced clearly, loudly and slowly.
Repeated pronunciation is the deliberate, repeated repetition of the same speech element (sound, word, phrase) for the purpose of memorizing it. Practices include repetition of material by the teacher, individual repetition by the child, joint repetition (of the teacher and the child or two children), as well as choral repetition. Choral repetition especially needs clear guidance. It is advisable to preface him with an explanation: invite him to say it to everyone together, clearly, but not loudly.
Explanation is the teacher’s disclosure of the essence of a phenomenon or course of action. Widely used in dictionary work - to reveal the meanings of words, to explain the rules and actions in didactic games, as well as in the process of observing and examining objects.
Instructions - explaining to children how to act, how to achieve the required result. The teacher’s instructions can be divided into instructions of a teaching nature, organizational and disciplinary.
Verbal exercise is the repeated performance by children of certain speech actions to develop and improve speech skills. Unlike repetition, the exercise is characterized by greater frequency, variability, and a greater proportion of children’s independent efforts.
Assessment of children's speech is a detailed, motivated judgment about the child's response, revealing the degree of acquisition of knowledge and speech skills. The assessment should not only be of a stating nature, but also educational. It is given so that all children can be guided by it in their statements.
In one lesson, only some children’s answers can be assessed broadly and in detail. As a rule, the assessment concerns one or two qualities of the child's speech, it is given immediately after the answer, so that other children will take it into account when answering. Evaluation often concerns the positive aspects of speech. If shortcomings have been noted, you can invite the child to “learn” - try to correct his answer.
A question is a verbal address that requires an answer; it is a task for a child that involves the use or processing of existing knowledge. According to their content, the questions are divided into:
- basic (requiring statements (reproductive), answering the questions: who? what? which? which? where? how? where?)
- auxiliary (search, requiring the establishment of connections and relationships between phenomena, answering the questions: why? why? how are they similar?. Auxiliary questions can be leading and suggestive.
Each type of question is valuable in its own way. When posing a question, it is important to correctly determine the place of logical stress, since the child’s answer is directed precisely by the reference word, which carries the main semantic load.
Visual techniques
- showing a picture, toy, movement or action (in a dramatization game, in reading a poem), showing the position of the organs of articulation when pronouncing sounds, etc. - are also usually combined with verbal techniques, for example, a sample pronunciation of a sound and showing a picture, naming a new word and display of the object it denotes.
The emotional impact of educational material is enhanced by such techniques as actions by choice (compose a story based on one of these two pictures; remember a poem that you like) or actions by design. Elements of competition (“Who will say more words?”, “Who can say it better?”), colorfulness, novelty of attributes, and entertaining game plots arouse interest and increase children’s attention to speech material.
Practical methods (
game techniques )
are aimed at using speech skills and abilities and improving them. Practical methods include various didactic games, dramatization games, dramatizations, didactic exercises, plastic sketches, also showing the position of the organs of articulation when pronouncing sounds, round dance games. They are used to solve all speech problems.
Conclusion: The techniques proposed by the methodology are aimed at:
— accumulation of speech content and ensuring information and emotional stability;
— fostering a culture of children’s behavior;
— development of speech, enrichment of vocabulary and consolidation of speaking skills.
The integrated teaching method is innovative for preschoolers.
It is aimed at developing the child’s personality, his cognitive and creative abilities. A series of lessons is united by a main problem. For example, in the classes of the artistic - aesthetic cycle - with images of domestic animals in the works of writers, poets, with the transfer of these images in folk - applied art and the work of illustrators. The variability of the integrated method is quite diverse:
— Full integration (environmental education with fiction, fine arts, music education, physical development);
— Partial integration (fiction and artistic activities)
— Integration based on a single project, which is based on the problem.
The integrated method includes design activities. Research activities are interesting, complex and impossible without the development of speech. While working on the project, children gain knowledge, expand their horizons, expand their passive and active vocabularies, and learn to communicate with adults and peers.
Very often, teachers use mnemonics in their practice to memorize unfamiliar words, texts, and learn poems.
Mnemonics, or mnemonics, is a system of various techniques that facilitate memorization and increase memory capacity by forming additional associations.
The visual modeling method helps the child visually imagine abstract concepts (sound, word, sentence, text) and learn to work with them. This is especially important for preschoolers, since their mental problems are solved with the predominant role of external means; visual material is absorbed better than verbal material. The use of symbolic analogy facilitates and speeds up the process of memorizing and assimilating material, and forms techniques for working with memory. After all, one of the rules for strengthening memory says: “When you learn, write down, draw diagrams, diagrams, draw graphs.” Using a graphic analogy, children learn to see the main thing and systematize the acquired knowledge. At different stages and depending on the individual abilities of children, you can use various visual modeling techniques:
— A pictogram is a symbolic image that replaces words, it is a picture with which you can write down words and expressions, it is a picture that will help you remember a given word.
— A mnemonic table is a diagram that contains certain information. For each word or phrase, a picture (image) is created. Thus, the entire text is sketched out schematically, looking at these diagrams - the child easily remembers the information from the drawings.
— Substitution is a type of modeling in which some objects are replaced by others, which are actually conditional. It is convenient to use paper squares, circles, and ovals that differ in color and size as substitutes. Substitution is based on any difference between objects and their characteristics.
Children who master the means of visual modeling are subsequently able to independently develop speech in the process of communication and learning, which is what the Federal State Educational Standard for Education requires from the teacher.
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