Article: “Physical education in kindergarten”
Starting from the second junior group, three classes per week are planned. Their duration in the junior group is at least 15 minutes, in the middle group - at least 20 minutes, in the senior group - at least 25 minutes, in the preparatory group - 30 minutes. If children have sportswear and there are no medical contraindications, one of the three physical education classes in the senior and preparatory groups should be held outdoors year-round. For regions of the middle zone in the winter season, physical education classes on the site, as well as walking for children 5–7 years old, are not carried out at air temperatures below –20°C and wind speeds of more than 15 m/sec. In the warm season, under favorable weather conditions, it is recommended to conduct the maximum number of activities outdoors. There are various options for conducting physical education classes:
traditional classes;
classes consisting of a set of outdoor games of high, medium and low intensity;
classes – training in basic types of movements;
Rhythmic gymnastics;
classes-competitions, where children identify the winners during various relay races of two teams;
test classes, during which children pass physical education standards;
story-based activities, etc.
Physical education and health work includes morning exercises, outdoor games and physical exercises on walks (morning and evening), and a physical exercise minute. Morning exercise helps to awaken the child’s body, moderately affects the muscular system, activates the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, stimulates the work of internal organs and sensory organs, promotes the formation of correct posture, good gait, and prevents the occurrence of flat feet. Morning exercises are valuable because children develop the habit and need to do physical exercise every day in the morning. In addition, it provides an organized start to the day in kindergarten and makes it possible to switch children’s attention to joint forms of activity. The duration of morning exercises in the 1st junior group is 4-5 minutes, in the 2nd junior group - 5-6 minutes, in the middle group - 6-8 minutes, in the senior group - 8-10 minutes, in the preparatory group - 10-12 minutes. The optimal place for morning exercises in the warm season is the group's playgrounds, and in the cold season - the group room. Depending on the ambient temperature, children exercise in lightweight clothing or panties. In the health complex of morning exercises, in addition to general developmental exercises. They include breathing exercises and special exercises to strengthen the muscles of the back and foot. Health jogging of varying intensity for 3 minutes. Particular attention is paid to improving the functions of external respiration, for which children are taught to combine movement with inhalation and exhalation, include so-called “breathing exercises” with the pronunciation of sounds and syllables, and pay attention to the formation of correct nasal breathing. Children's stay in the fresh air is of great importance for physical development. Walking is the first and most accessible means of hardening a child’s body. It helps to increase its endurance and resistance to adverse environmental influences, especially colds. During the walk, children play and move a lot. Movement increases metabolism, blood circulation, gas exchange, and improves appetite. Children learn to overcome various obstacles, become more agile, dexterous, courageous, and resilient. They develop motor skills and abilities, strengthen the muscular system, and increase vitality. Properly organized and thoughtful walks help to achieve the goals of the comprehensive development of children. Children are allowed to spend up to four hours a day outdoors. In summer this time increases significantly. The daily routine of the kindergarten includes a daytime walk after classes and an evening walk after afternoon tea. The time allotted for walking must be strictly observed. On the site there are places for outdoor games and the development of children's movements: climbing fences (triangular, tetrahedral and hexagonal), a log for balance exercises, a slide, equipment for jumping and throwing exercises. All this should have an attractive appearance, be durable, well processed, secured and appropriate for the age of the children. Planning the content of children's activities during a walk depends on the time of year, weather, previous activities, interests and age. An important component of organized physical activity is outdoor games played during a walk in the first half of the day. To achieve an optimal training effect, use high-intensity outdoor games, sports games, competition games, relay races or running at an increasing pace for 3–5 minutes, depending on age (1–2 games or jogging, alternating them with periods of independent activity). In the summer, outdoor play is supplemented with elements of hardening (playing with water). They develop basic movements, relieve mental stress from classes, and develop moral qualities. An outdoor game can be played at the beginning of a walk if the activities involved children sitting for a long time. If they go for a walk after a music or physical education lesson, then the game can be played in the middle of the walk or half an hour before it ends. The choice of game depends on the time of year, weather, air temperature. On cold days, it is advisable to start your walk with games of greater mobility associated with running, throwing, and jumping. Fun and exciting games help children cope better with cold weather. In damp, rainy weather (especially in spring and autumn), sedentary games that do not require a lot of space should be organized. Games with jumping, running, throwing, and balance exercises should also be carried out on warm spring, summer days and early autumn. During walks, plotless folk games with objects can be widely used, and in older groups - elements of sports games: volleyball, basketball, gorodki, badminton, table tennis, football, hockey. In addition to outdoor games and individual exercises in basic movements, sports activities (exercises) are also organized during the walk. During the walk, the teacher makes sure that all the children are busy, not bored, and that no one gets cold or overheated. He attracts very active children to participate in calmer games. About half an hour before the end of the walk, the teacher organizes quiet games. The right combination of different types of daily physical exercise and outdoor games helps to ensure rational motor activity for children. Mastering the program material in the classroom is the basis for all physical education and recreational activities and independent exercises and games for children.
Features of physical education in modern kindergartens
The physical development of the baby is the object of constant monitoring by specialists, both pedagogical and medical. Therefore, the task of each institution that draws up physical education projects in preschool educational institutions with children is to prepare such programs that will fully meet the requirements of these specialists.
Modern pedagogical practice allows for the only form of work with children, this includes traditional classes that contribute to achieving positive dynamics in the matter of the child’s physical development. All methods of conducting physical education exercises in preschool institutions are based on the need to solve 2 most important problems:
- organization of such a health complex that promotes the formation of an optimal sequence of movement and gradual increases in physical activity, which will further help strengthen the child’s immunity, and also have a positive effect on stimulating psychophysiological development. This will prevent the development of many pathological changes in the body;
- meeting age-related needs for physical exercise, which should be perceived by every child as “muscular joy”, and by educators as the main means of comprehensive development of preschool children. During such physical education classes, children not only understand the characteristics and capabilities of their body, but also communicate with peers through competitions in attentiveness and dexterity.
methodology for conducting physical education classes in pre-methodological development
MBDOU "Novochurashevsky kindergarten "Kolosok"
Ibresinsky district of the Chuvash Republic
REPORT
On the topic of:
“METHODOLOGY FOR CONDUCTING PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES”
With. New Churashevo-2019
The main form of organized training in physical exercises in preschool institutions is physical education classes. At the same time, training in physical education classes is carried out in a certain system and sequence, which allows achieving the best results in the formation of motor skills.
In the process of physical education classes, children are prepared for successful learning at school, health-improving, educational and educational tasks are solved.
Classes, including gymnastic exercises and outdoor games, are usually held in the morning (30 minutes after breakfast). If the lesson is organized in the second half of the day, then it is advisable to start it immediately after a nap or while the children are in the fresh air.
Structure and content of physical education classes. Physical exercises in a lesson are arranged in a certain order, which is determined by the physiological and psychological laws of the body’s performance.
When performing physical exercises, a person’s performance increases gradually. Then it remains at the optimal level for some time, after which it begins to decline. Therefore, to perform complex exercises (high intensity and high speed running, jumping, throwing, etc.), you need to prepare all organs and systems of the body (skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous). Otherwise, injuries (sprain, rupture of ligaments, muscles), as well as dysfunction of body systems, including the nervous system, are possible. In turn, insufficient preparation of the nervous system can affect the process of perception and assimilation of exercises, the quality of their implementation,
It is important to structure a physical education lesson in such a way as to ensure preliminary physical and psychological preparation of children to perceive and perform more complex exercises, with the help of which basic tasks are solved. Based on this, a physical education lesson is divided into the main and final parts. Each part solves certain problems, in accordance with which exercises are selected and alternated, and a methodology for their implementation is thought out.
The introductory part solves a psychological problem: organize children, collect and activate children’s attention, arouse their interest in the lesson, and create a cheerful mood. For this purpose, drill exercises, various types of walking and running, jumping on two and one legs in place and with advancement, exercises and games for attention, elements of dancing and dancing are used.
This part of the lesson provides general and special preparation of the body for performing more complex exercises, which are planned in the main part of the lesson, and for increased physical activity.
General training is best ensured by general developmental exercises that affect all muscle groups, as well as basic movements (walking, running, jumping), which enhance the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as a result of which physical activity gradually increases.
Special training is aimed at “warming up” those muscles, ligaments, and joints that are involved in the first exercise performed in the main part of the lesson. For example, if such an exercise turns out to be a jump, then the leg muscles need to be prepared for this, and throwing will require the preparation of the muscles of the shoulder girdle and arms. Special training is solved with the help of general developmental and preparatory (such as lead-in) exercises.
In the main part of the lesson, motor skills and abilities are formed, physical qualities are developed. The sequence of solving these problems is determined by the characteristics of the nervous system of a preschool child: first, new exercises are learned when the child’s performance is at an optimal level. And after that, they consolidate the skills in the mastered movements and develop physical qualities.
The content of this part of the lesson consists of basic movements (running, jumping, throwing, climbing, etc.), games of high mobility, relay race games, and also, in some cases, elements of dancing. When several of the most complex movements are introduced into the main part of the lesson, then before each of them preparatory, leading exercises are given.
In the main part of the lesson, the most complex general developmental exercises can be learned. They are used as preparatory and lead-in exercises for the main movements, as well as for developing flexibility, strength, and coordination of movements.
After the main part comes the final part. Its purpose is to reduce physical activity, bring the child’s body into a relatively calm state, while maintaining a cheerful mood, and sum up the results of the lesson. To solve these problems, walking, running at an average pace, elements of dancing, general developmental exercises for the shoulder girdle, and active games of a calm nature (“Find the object,” “Find where it’s hidden,” etc.) are used.
The number of parts in each lesson and their sequence remain the same in all age groups. All parts of the lesson are interconnected; The content of the introductory and final part largely depends on the objectives of the main part.
Junior group.
Classes in the second junior group of kindergarten are held three times a week, their duration is up to 20 minutes. The room (hall, group room) is ventilated and wet cleaning is carried out beforehand. The floor surface must be dry after wet cleaning to avoid injury.
The introductory part (2-3 minutes) includes exercises that mobilize children’s attention and prepare them for the upcoming physical activity, serving as a small warm-up. These are exercises in walking, running, formations, with various tasks, sometimes with musical accompaniment.
Walking and running exercises are usually carried out in alternation. First, walking is suggested - about half and a third of the “circle”, and then running a full “circle”, and the tasks are repeated. The concept of “circle” is conditional; except for special walking and running, it really is in a circle. You can place landmarks in the corners of the hall (small objects - cubes, skittles (except flags on a stick)) to make it easier for children to navigate.
Constructions and rearrangements develop children's spatial orientation and help them comprehend their actions.
After several lessons, the teacher suggests forming a line, a column in small groups in a circle, using landmarks (cubes, balls, cords, etc.)
The main part (12-15 minutes) includes gymnastic exercises of a general developmental nature with and without various objects; basic types of movements (balance exercises, jumping, climbing and throwing), outdoor play.
To perform general developmental exercises, constructions can be different and performed according to landmarks (cubes, balls, skittles), especially at the beginning of training.
The teacher pays special attention to the correct starting position of the legs, as this determines the overall load on the body and individual muscle groups.
When carrying out general developmental exercises in a standing position, as a rule, two positions are used - stand with the feet at the width of the feet and at the width of the shoulders. The teacher performs tilts and turns with the children 1-2 times. Next, the kids continue to perform the exercise independently as directed by the teacher. Basically, the teacher demonstrates the exercises himself, and some of them can be demonstrated by the most prepared child. After the demonstration and explanation, the children perform jumps on their own, and the teacher sets the rhythm - this can be hitting a tambourine, clapping their hands, or musical accompaniment.
For one week of every month, it is advisable to carry out general developmental exercises without objects. Other classes use a variety of equipment. This makes the exercises more interesting and allows you to vary the same tasks.
When drawing up a long-term lesson plan, the teacher outlines exercises for learning, repetition and consolidation. More time is allocated for completing training exercises; repetition of familiar material does not require detailed explanation, and only some clarifications or partial demonstration are expected.
In the second junior group, two types of basic movements are usually planned in one lesson. Increasing the set of basic movements can reduce the quality of assimilation of exercises.
Outdoor play is the culmination of the lesson in terms of physical and emotional stress on the child’s body.
Final part (2-3 minutes). After active play, children must be brought into a relatively calm state and only after that can they move on to other types of activities. As a rule, the final part of the lesson includes simple exercises, low mobility games, and round dances.
Middle group
In the middle group of kindergarten, physical education classes are held three times a week in the morning; The duration of the lesson is 20-25 minutes. The room in which children study must be prepared in accordance with hygienic requirements (wet cleaning, ventilation), and the necessary equipment must be selected in advance. Every third lesson during the week is held outdoors, on the playground.
During physical education classes in the hall, children wear physical education uniform (T-shirt, shorts, socks, Czech shoes). Children do not specifically change clothes for activities on the site, but during activities, clothing should be lightened. In winter, it is advisable for children to wear jackets, leggings, and knitted hats. Clothing during walking classes must comply with hygienic standards and requirements.
Physical education classes in the middle group are conducted according to a generally accepted structure, consisting of introductory, main and final parts, each of which, having specific tasks, is subordinated to a single goal - the comprehensive and harmonious development of various motor skills and abilities.
The introductory part (3-4 minutes) prepares the child’s body for the upcoming more intense load. Exercises are used in walking, running, various simple tasks with objects, exercises that strengthen the muscles of the legs and feet, forming correct posture.
When carrying out exercises in walking and running, it is necessary to observe their appropriate alternation, without getting carried away with walking exercises. Walking for a long time tires children and adversely affects their posture. The duration of running for children 4-5 years old in classes varies. At the beginning of the year, running is carried out 2-3 times for 20-25 seconds. in alternation with walking, by the middle of the year the duration of running can be increased to 30-35 seconds.
The main part (12-15 minutes) is aimed at solving the main tasks of the lesson - teaching children new exercises, repeating and consolidating previously covered material, mastering vitally important
our motor skills and abilities, development of physical qualities: agility, strength, speed, endurance, etc.
The content of the main part of the lesson includes general developmental exercises, exercises in basic types of movements and outdoor games.
General developmental exercises with objects (flags, cubes, skittles, braids, sticks, etc.) and without objects are carried out in a certain sequence: for the muscles of the shoulder girdle, back muscles and oblique abdominal muscles (bending, turning) and legs. In the middle group, 5-6 exercises are offered, 5-6 repetitions 5 to 6 times.
When conducting general developmental exercises, various types of formation are used: in a circle, around objects pre-arranged in a checkerboard pattern; scattered; in two or three columns.
The teacher checks the correct starting position in each exercise of a general developmental nature so that the physical load is distributed evenly across all muscle groups.
The starting positions are different: stand with your feet the width of your feet, shoulders, sitting with your legs apart, in a kneeling position, lying on your back and stomach, etc. You should pay attention to
sequential transition from one starting position to another.
In this part of the lesson, basic movements are taught: jumping, balance, throwing and climbing. In one lesson, as a rule, two, sometimes three main types of movements are offered, not counting the exercises used in outdoor play.
The final part (3-4 minutes) should provide the child with a gradual transition to a relatively calm state, especially after active play.
Senior and preparatory group
CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF CLASSES
The duration of outdoor activities corresponds to program recommendations. The structure of the classes is traditional: introductory, main and final parts.
The introductory part begins with building on the playground and walking, during which children perform 3-5 breathing exercises. During the cold season, construction is not carried out on the playground and the introductory part begins with the children leaving the room and going outside. After a short walk, a slow run around the area is given for 2-4 minutes (depending on age). In this part of the lesson, children are prepared for upcoming muscular activity and taught mainly various types of running: with a wide step, raising the knees high, side step, back forward, in pairs, scattered, etc. Jumps are also performed on one and two legs, with legs on legs, etc. The use of these exercises is aimed at improving spatial orientation, strengthening the muscles of the legs and pelvis, and improving posture. The run ends with walking and changing into a steep or column formation.
The main part of the lesson begins with performing a set of general developmental exercises. At the end, the children line up in a column one at a time, put away the used sports equipment along the way and run at an average speed, depending on age, from 40 s to 2 minutes. The run ends with walking in formation to perform the exercise in the basic movements.
At each lesson, children practice several basic movements. A new or more difficult to coordinate movement is performed first. Then the children run again at average speed, after which they practice another movement that is already familiar to them. Exercises in basic movements end with a slow run, then an outdoor game or relay game is organized. The games involve reinforcing one of the basic movements; Running plays a big part in them. The game is repeated 4-5 times, the pauses between repetitions are short.
The final part involves a slow run.
If children run a lot during the game (“Traps”, “Planes”, etc.), then in the final part the duration of the slow run is not indicated, but it should be less than usual (no more than 1-1.5 minutes) . Slow running turns into walking, during which 6-8 breathing exercises are performed. This ends the lesson
