Modern methods of preschool education for children: description, features and recommendations

Many experts note that those children who did not go to kindergarten and were prepared for school at home do not always fit harmoniously into the group of first-graders. The problem is that parents do not always have all the necessary knowledge and skills to help their beloved child learn to communicate not only with them, but also with the outside world. Therefore, it is important to pay full attention to the child’s development. In addition to physical development, we must not forget about other aspects.

In the modern world, pedagogy and methods of preschool education are closely related. Therefore, parents should be not only true friends of their child, but also his first teachers.

Preschool age

Many people mistakenly avoid this topic, which is why classes with children begin at an untimely time. Therefore, before moving on to the theory and methodology of preschool education, it is worth considering several important stages in the formation of a child’s personality. The first years of life, the baby lives in his own world. He is just beginning to learn about his new surroundings, which cause him genuine amazement and fear. Gradually, the child learns to interact with objects and people around him. He takes the first step and says the cherished “mom” and “dad”.

Experts usually divide the preschool age itself into three stages:

Jr. In this case, we are talking about the methodology of preschool education, which should be based on the fact that during this period the child begins to identify himself, his “I” is born. The baby learns to evaluate the attitude of others and can easily determine if the parents are happy with him or, conversely, angry. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to activities aimed at developing fine motor skills. Junior preschool age lasts from 3 to 4 years.
Average. This period lasts from 4 to 5 years. The child begins to form his own concepts and peculiarities of thinking. Gradually, the baby acquires character traits and expresses himself more actively as a person. During this period, the methodology of preschool education should be aimed not only at the development of logic and thinking, but also at the development of more complex motor functions.
Senior. In this case we are talking about children aged 5 to 7 years. This period is characterized by increased thinking. The child begins to understand that he must perform some duties around the house (for example, putting away toys, helping his mother, etc.). At the same time, he must be able to control his emotional state. By this age, the baby is already quite dexterous, but he must continue to develop physically.

Dr. Suzuki's method

Violinist and teacher Shinichi Suzuki believed that all children are naturally talented, so this should not be ignored. If children are surrounded by pleasant music and classical works, this will help them become wonderful, kind and open people.

How to raise children using this method

Sh. Suzuki believed that if a child begins to talk by being completely immersed in his native speech, then by the same principle one can surround him with music and unleash his creative potential.

Basic provisions of the methodology:

The baby should listen to music from birth, and from the age of two you can teach him to play musical instruments;
You can send him to a music school when he begins to show a real craving for art;
work should take place in groups of 3-4 people, so that everyone has the motivation to follow the others;
The repertoire is carefully selected for each musical instrument so that skills develop gradually.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

the method is based on internal motivation, so the likelihood that learning music will get boring is minimal;
can be tested on any child, because everyone has talent;
can be used as a complement to other parenting approaches;
The baby develops a sense of beauty.

Flaws:

many areas of development are touched upon only superficially;
classes do not guarantee that the student will become a virtuoso musician and achieve great success.

Preschool education programs and methods

The general educational process primarily means certain educational actions that are combined with training and preparation for school. Thus, this is a whole complex of activities. Some parents send their children to preschool education institutions, where teachers prepare them for subsequent education.

Thus, the educational methodology of preschool education is fundamental. It consists of four stages. First of all, it is important to pay attention to the formation of the child’s personality. He must learn to form his own judgments and assess the situation. The second stage is organizing the child’s actions. This means that the child must be able to interact with adults and peers. Even before the first trip to school, the child should already have some experience of communication.

In addition, it is important to form the correct self-esteem and motivation in the child. For this purpose, different methods of preschool education and upbringing are used. They can be successfully used at home.

Modern developmental methods for children from 6 months to one year

By six months, the child becomes more physically developed, begins to sit independently, which makes it possible to diversify activities with him, using new methods for the development of young children in addition to those indicated above.

Zaitsev cubes

The teacher has developed his own teaching system, which uses tables and cubes with syllables. The main rule is that the child is completely relaxed at the time of learning - he is not required to be quiet and persevering. Allow your baby to create, build, put words together and help him with this, let him seem to “play with his tongue”, using for this a physical element in the form of a cube with letters.

This system of early development of a child up to one year old will suit many parents. However, if you want to continue training in the future, in order to get a visible result, you will need to complicate the technique, use tables and become thoroughly familiar with the author’s approach.

“Baby drawing” from Maria Gmoszynska

The basis of the technique is the development of the baby through drawing. The approach creates a desire to create, try, experiment, improves fine motor skills, and as a bonus, the child’s mood. The idea is very simple: spread a large sheet of whatman paper on the floor, offer the young artist non-toxic paints and start creating. Let your baby leave handprints or foot prints, smear and mix paints of different colors and admire the result.

Cecile Lupan system

When studying the early development of children under one year of age, methods and approaches, one cannot fail to mention Cecile Lupan. The woman believes that the longer a child studies something, the better, so you need to study from infancy. At the same time, you should teach what already surrounds the baby - let there be an inscription “table” on the table, and “wardrobe” on the cabinet, and so on.

Since the author of the method is not a teacher, but only a mother like everyone else, the greatest emphasis is placed on personal experience, which she shares in her educational book.

Cecile focuses on sensory development, a step-by-step approach to learning and a positive attitude.

Examples of educational games and interactions are extremely simple and are carried out by mothers intuitively: make faces, sing lullabies, use a mobile in the crib, introduce the baby to different textures and materials, let them play with household items and kitchen utensils.

Agree that parents, even without knowledge of early childhood development methods, use these techniques everywhere. So don't be afraid to rely on your natural instincts when it comes to raising your baby.

Promotion

A similar method of teaching, preschool education and upbringing allows you to adjust the child’s behavior. A child who is preparing to go to school must learn to distinguish bad deeds from good ones and correctly place emphasis. He must not behave inappropriately in society. It is important to develop respect for his parents.

Thanks to encouragement, the child’s positive thinking is strengthened. If he feels positive by doing something good, then it will help him become a good person. It is worth considering that until the age of six, children really need praise, so this method is very effective. However, it is important not to develop too much of a consumerist attitude in your child.

Therefore, this method of preschool education must be used very carefully. For example, you should not say: “If you brush your teeth today, I will give you a new toy.” It’s better to wait until the baby completes the required action and give him a small present, as if for no reason. His brain will automatically associate pleasant emotions with brushing his teeth.

Methodology of A. S. Makarenko

The educational system of A. S. Makarenko, according to UNESCO, influenced the pedagogical thinking of the 20th century along with the thoughts and ideas of such teachers as D. Dewey, G. Kresshensteiner, M. Montessori.

With his methods, the teacher was able to quickly re-educate street children and hooligans into full-fledged members of society.

How to educate

A. S. Makarenko believed that the work of a teacher should be carried out in accordance with the following principles.

The role of the educator. A mentor must influence students by personal example. Only his knowledge, kindness and care towards them brings benefits. Pettiness, nagging and callousness will not help you become an authority for children.
Punishment and reward. Both good and bad deeds should be marked accordingly. A teacher who does not react to negative manifestations of personality in the team cannot resist children's aggression and lead students along.
Labor education. In this method, work is considered as a necessary part of education. The main thing is that this should not just be mechanical work, but reasonable actions. Children should know what results their actions will lead to and to whom they will be useful. For example, subsistence farming will help feed the entire team.
Collectivism. It is the team that has the greatest influence on the education of its members. At the same time, it is important that people are not just united with each other on the same territory, but have a common socially significant goal.
Self management. Everyone should be aware of their place in the team and feel comfortable. Children learn to make decisions themselves, analyze their results and assign roles.
Discipline. Certain rules in the team force students to control not only themselves, but also those around them. Traditions, rituals and general norms of behavior help unite children among themselves.
Perspective lines. The development of the team and the individual can only occur if there are further goals and prospects. If a person does not experience joy from approaching the cherished result, then he has no future.

Advantages and disadvantages of the method

The advantages of A. S. Makarenko’s technique include:

mastering everyday skills and self-government help raise a person who is adapted to life in society;
rewards and punishments, as well as discipline, help increase the level of responsibility for one’s actions;
The influence of the team on the individual contributed to the fact that the technique became widely used in corporate culture.

Among the disadvantages are:

insufficient attention to the individuality and characteristics of each individual child;
exploitation of child labor, which is prohibited.

Punishment

Modern methods of education in the field of preschool education, as a rule, exclude such methods of interaction with children. However, in some situations there is simply no other way to do it. For example, if the child is hyperactive and cannot be controlled by parents. However, physical punishment should be completely excluded.

It is also important to take into account some features of this approach. First of all, you cannot scold your child for actions that he committed a long time ago. Also, preventive punishment will not lead to anything good. Sometimes, in order to prevent the child from misbehaving, parents begin to punish him for something that he has not yet done at all.

Experts do not recommend using such methods, as parents often resort to humiliation. If they do not punish, but insult the child, then this will negatively affect his psyche.

Methodology of Leonid Bereslavsky

L. Ya. Bereslavsky is a professor, physicist, doctor of philosophy and teacher who has written more than two dozen books on preschool education.

With the birth of his second child, he began to seriously think about whether he would have time to invest everything he wanted in his children and raise them to be good people. This is what motivated him to create his own educational method based on the experience of other teachers.

How to raise a baby

L. Ya. Bereslavsky was of the opinion that it is necessary to develop intelligence not only in a timely manner, but also systematically. This will help your child do well in school, make progress in various areas of activity and achieve their goals.

Previous learning is considered in this methodology as the foundation for further knowledge and skills. If the child has not previously encountered such easy tasks, then he will not be able to complete more complex ones. It is important that as many parts of the brain as possible are involved, otherwise the unused ones may remain dormant.

Classes can be held for even the shortest time (3-5 minutes), but they must have a logical conclusion.

Principles of teaching L.Ya. Bereslavsky:

the activity should be carried out in a playful way;
all material should be presented in a systematic manner, with repetition and deepening of the material covered;
the teacher must get used to the role of the actor and the child in order to increase interest in the lessons;
mental activity should alternate with physical activity;
Special attention should be paid to the development of independence.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages:

comprehensive personality development;
emphasis on the development of memory and logical thinking;
children's development can occur continuously;
The knowledge invested at a young age will become the basis for learning in the future.

Flaws:

the emphasis is on logic and other personality inclinations are not taken into account.

Belief

With the development of preschool education methods, specialists are increasingly using precisely these methods of interaction with children. In this case, we are talking about the fact that the parents talk to the baby as to an adult, explaining to him the correct actions and unacceptable ones.

In this case, it is important to take into account the individual characteristics of the child’s behavior. The conversation should be conducted in such a way that the conversation is as logical as possible for the child. There is no need to indulge in complex demagoguery and jump from one topic to another. The child must focus and understand what is required of him.

This is one of the so-called blocks of teaching methods in preschool education. First of all, a child needs to be formed into a personality that will be ready for educational activities. Considerable importance should also be given to mental preparation and motor development. It is worth considering these features in more detail.

Methods of education for preschoolers

Today, teaching children in kindergarten is carried out in direct educational activities , in routine moments, in joint and independent activities. There are various methods of educating preschool children .

Verbal

Verbal methods are divided into the following types: story, explanation, conversation.

Verbal methods allow you to convey information to children in the shortest possible time.

Visual

Visual methods of education mean those methods in which the child receives information with the help of visual aids and technical means. Visual methods are used in conjunction with verbal and practical teaching methods . Visual methods of education can be divided into two large groups: the illustration method and the demonstration method .

method involves showing children illustrative aids: posters, paintings, sketches on the board, etc. method involves showing cartoons, filmstrips, etc. This division of visual aids into illustrative and demonstration is conditional. It does not exclude the possibility of classifying certain visual aids as both illustrative and demonstrative. In modern conditions, special attention is paid to the use of such a visual aid as a personal computer. Computers enable the teacher to simulate certain processes and situations , to choose from a number of possible solutions the optimal ones according to certain criteria, i.e. they significantly expand the possibilities of visual methods in the educational process when implementing PBL in preschool education .

Practical

Practical teaching methods are based on the practical activities of children and form practical skills.

Practical tasks are carried out after children have become familiar with one or another content, and are of a generalizing nature. Exercises can be carried out not only in organized educational activities , but also in independent activities.

Information-receptive

The teacher communicates ready-made information to the children, and they perceive it, understand it and record it in memory. One of the most economical ways to transmit information. However, when using this teaching method, the skills and abilities to use the acquired knowledge are not formed.

Reproductive.

The essence of the method is to repeat the method of activity many times as instructed by the teacher. The activity of the teacher is to develop and communicate a model , and the activity of children is to carry out actions according to the model .

Problem Statement

The teacher poses a problem to the children - a complex theoretical or practical question that requires research and resolution, and he himself shows the way to solve it, revealing the contradictions that arise. The purpose of this method is to show examples of scientific knowledge and scientific problem solving. Children follow the logic of solving a problem, receiving a standard of scientific thinking and knowledge, an example of a culture of deploying cognitive actions.

Partial search

Its essence is that the teacher breaks down a problematic task into sub-problems, and the children carry out individual steps to find its solution. Each step involves creative activity, but there is no holistic solution to the problem yet.

Research

This method is designed to enable creative application of knowledge . In the process of educational activities, children master methods of cognition , and this is how their experience of search and research activities is formed.

Active methods

Active methods provide preschoolers with the opportunity to learn from their own experience and gain a variety of subjective experiences . Active learning methods of a certain sequence of tasks in the educational process Active methods should be used as they become more complex.

The group of active education methods includes didactic games - specially designed games that simulate reality and are adapted for learning .

This approach makes it possible to make the life of a child in kindergarten more meaningful and interesting, and the educational process more effective , since it brings the forms of learning closer to the leading activity - play.

Mental education

If parents do not pay enough attention to this aspect, then it will be much more difficult for the child to integrate into the educational process at school. Therefore, it is extremely important that the baby is inquisitive and able to think from a very early age. At the same time, attention is paid to the development of memory, speech and attention.

According to teaching methods in the field of preschool education, by the age of six, a child should be able to draw. This means that you need to teach your child to at least repeat certain patterns. If he has a penchant for creativity, then you should not limit him. Children who draw rather than copy have great potential, which is recommended to be developed more.

Also, before going to school, the child must learn to color pictures and be able to at least partially follow the contours. This is important, since in the first years at school he will focus on spelling.

In addition, parents are recommended to teach their child to learn short rhymes. It would be good if he knew what a retelling is. Therefore, you can read short stories to your child and then ask him to describe what he remembers.

By the age of six, children can often count to at least 10. They know where they live, can name the last and first names of their mother and father, and understand the seasons. It is worth teaching the baby months. Some parents, even before going to school, explain how to correctly determine the time on the clock.

It’s easy to see that a lot is required from mom and dad. Parents should teach their child the basics so that in first grade not all information is a discovery of a new world for him. To achieve the best results, it is recommended to study the basics of preschool education methods.

As a rule, mental development involves the use of various educational games. It is worth reading books to your child as much as possible, and not allowing him to spend all his free time in front of the computer or with a mobile phone in his hands.

Technique Jean Ledloff

The famous psychologist Jean Ledloff created her natural parenting method, inspired by the relationships between children and parents in the Yaquana Indian tribe. She noticed that in their families there is no corporal punishment or screaming from parents, and children, in turn, do not manipulate crying and help adults on their own initiative. She described all her observations in detail in the book “How to Raise a Happy Child.”

How to educate

The principle on which the entire methodology is based is simple: the mother initially contains everything that is required for the proper upbringing of children. The main thing is to listen to your feelings and the needs of the child.

In order for the baby to feel loved and not deprived of attention, the mother should spend as much time as possible next to him (especially in infancy).

You can talk about relationships with children in several theses:

until the child has learned to crawl, it is important to give him the opportunity to spend as much time as needed in his mother’s arms;
the more the baby takes part in the daily affairs of his parents, the easier his socialization process is;
feeding on demand;
guardianship only interferes with the child’s development; he should have the opportunity to learn new things and explore the world around him;
evaluate only the actions of children, and not their personality;
Mom should be a friend and helper who will always be there.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of J. Lidloff’s technique are:

the closeness of mother and baby from the first days of his life helps to form his basic trust in the world, laying the foundation for raising a happy and healthy person;
the absence of movement restrictions, such as playpens, helps children avoid problems with speech and better feel their body and navigate in space;
Understanding by parents that they are raising their children correctly contributes to harmony in family relationships.

Disadvantages include the fact that not all Indian principles and advice can be followed and applied in the modern world.

Physical education

Do not forget that at school the child will be engaged in more than just mental activities. You need to understand that the first 6-7 years of a child’s life are characterized by increased activity and mobility. During this period, it is very important to direct it in the right direction. As a rule, this responsibility falls on the parents. Or you can send your child to a sports section for the little ones, where a specialist will take on this mission.

If we talk about working independently with a child, then in this case it is worth paying attention to several important stages. First of all, the child must understand what recovery is. Experts recommend practicing hardening procedures, preventing flat feet, etc.

By the age of 6, it is worth teaching your child to swim, run, jump and the simplest games on the playground. This will help build his endurance, agility and speed of reaction. Since children at this age are quite active themselves, it will not be difficult to involve them in such activities. For example, parents can start doing sports or recreational treatments in the fresh air with their child. This will also help strengthen the family bond.

It would be a good idea to buy sports equipment. If a child has a horizontal bar, a jump rope and a ball in his room, he will be able to practice independently, without the participation of adults. However, the area of a children's room does not always allow you to place everything you need there. In this case, you can enroll your child in the sports section.

Physical education helps to discipline a child. He gets used to the daily routine and begins to understand what a healthy lifestyle is. At the same time, strong-willed qualities are developed. The child begins to understand that not everything comes so easily. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to make considerable efforts. All this also has a positive impact on the formation of the future student’s personality.

It is also worth considering that today there may be outdated methods of preschool education. Retraining of specialists has become very important, since what worked 50 years ago is not so effective in the age of computer technology. Therefore, it is worth considering several techniques that are successfully used today.

Developmental methods for children from 1 year to 3 years

Maria Montessori development system

Perhaps one of the most popular methods of early child development is Montessori. Its main principle is to create a suitable environment for children where they can independently explore the world. The teacher plays only the role of an assistant, but not an initiator, who does not interfere unnecessarily in the child’s affairs, but also does not refuse a request for help.

From one to three years is the earliest age to start classes. In general, Montessori groups are often divided into younger ones, where children are from 1 to 6 years old, and older ones, from 7 years old. Thanks to their different ages, children have contact with older children and actively help each other.

In the original, the Montessori system follows fairly strict restrictions, for example, refusal of role-playing games and reading fairy tales. For learning it is necessary to create a certain environment and use didactic materials. You can do something yourself, but if you want to follow this particular method of early development of children from one year old, it is better to find centers with teachers who will be based on this teaching principle and equipped accordingly. You can combine the aspects of the educational system you like with other modern early development methods, if you do not have the goal of strictly following all the precepts.

The Montessori approach is good because it teaches the child, first of all, independence and self-discipline. The training takes place under the slogan: “Help me do it myself!”

Masaru Ibuka technique

Also, among the methods of early development of children from one year old, many people have heard a book by a Japanese author called “After Three It’s Too Late.” In it, Masaru Ibuka expresses his point of view on the upbringing and education of children, believing that children by nature have a great desire to learn everything new, the main thing is that their interest is not suppressed by many toys.

It is better to choose the heritage of world culture in the form of poetry, classical music and paintings by great creators as didactic materials.

Toys are the whole world around us, from vegetables to a screwdriver. Yes, this is sometimes dangerous and requires maximum concentration from parents than a simple ban, but, according to the author, this is the only way to develop a child comprehensively.

The early childhood development system from Masaru Ibuka is designed for the Japanese mentality, where people are characterized by contemplation, obedience and respect, which in general does not always fit with our usual views on the world and education.

Educational aids “School of the Seven Dwarfs”

Collections of books “School of the Seven Dwarfs” are essentially the best early development methods in one collection. The training is aimed at the comprehensive development of the child, has a classification by age, various thematic tasks with explanations for parents, which at first need to be completed together with the children, and at an older age you can trust them to do everything on their own.

It is important to consider that you will need to purchase material for each age separately and devote time to classes. Despite the fact that the benefits are designed from birth to school age, they become most relevant for children from one year of age, when the child begins to show more initiative in learning.

Developmental methods for children aged 2 years and older are not very different from those described earlier for children. They only make already studied topics and techniques more complex and more thoroughly developed, and give more freedom for independent action.

Maria Montessori system

This program is designed for preschoolers from 3 years old, but modern experts say that it is acceptable at an earlier age. The main principle of the system is based on the fact that the child is given complete freedom. The child is free to choose what interests him and spend his free time as he wishes.

But this does not mean permissiveness. The point is that the child only thinks that he is not forced, but he does something himself. This means that parents are required to subtly push him into one activity or another. In this case, he will not have the impression that something is being imposed on him.

Modern methods of education for preschool children, recommendations for their use in the learning process

Modernization changes in preschool education give freedom to the teacher in choosing the forms and methods of teaching preschool children . The main result of modern education is that the child has learned how much it has contributed to his development and the formation of integrative personality traits. of education chosen by the teacher should contribute to the formation of intellectual operations, create conditions for creative problem solving and the manifestation of initiative, teach independence and responsibility, and train children in the ability to voluntarily control their behavior.

Verbal

Verbal methods are divided into the following types: story, explanation, conversation.

Verbal methods allow you to convey information to children in the shortest possible time.

Visual

Practical

Practical teaching methods are based on the practical activities of children and form practical skills.

Methods according to the nature of children's educational activities

Information-receptive

Reproductive.

Problem Statement

Partial search

Research

Active methods

Zaitsev cubes

This technique is aimed at teaching reading and writing. Thanks to this, children show their first successful results already at the age of 2-3 years. The system is extremely simple. Parents purchase 52 cubes, each of which has letters, numbers, etc. written on it. Thanks to this, the baby begins to form words very quickly and imperceptibly. If you additionally hang warehouses on the wall, the child will repeat what he sees. In addition, this has a positive effect on the development of hand motor skills. If you regularly practice with cubes, the results will not take long to arrive.

Thus, parents can independently prepare their child for school. If mom and dad devote enough time to raising the baby, then he will sit at the school desk already prepared. If both parents work, it is recommended to consider the possibility of classes with specialists. In preschool institutions, children receive all the necessary basic knowledge. At the same time, the child will communicate with peers and learn to establish friendships.

Methods of early development of children from 0 months to six months

What method of child development do you think does not exist? In fact, that natural and logical nature inherent in every mother. The way we behave with a newborn child is, in fact, also a stage of development with a set of necessary actions, but they usually do not require special knowledge to implement them. We smile at the child and laugh and soon receive the same reaction in return. We move the rattle in front of the baby’s eyes, and later we notice that he is already watching it and pulling his arms.

But even such seemingly banal things need to be done on a regular basis: this is how the baby develops basic skills, reflexes and attitude towards the world around him.

To study the child's own body, the most suitable massage is for children, which the mother can accompany with comments indicating body parts.

This way, the baby will simultaneously receive physical activity, contact with a loved one, and new useful information in the form of a game.

By the way, it is better to combine such developmental episodes with familiar rituals: swimming, exercising on a ball, air baths, going to bed or waking up. A systematic approach will allow not only parents not to miss a lesson, but also the baby to get used to this form of communication. The only exception is when the child is clearly not in the mood. In this case, you should not persist.

Using early childhood development techniques from birth is the best time for everyone. While an adult sings a funny song or a rhythmic nursery rhyme, the baby trains sound perception, studies emotions on the face and monitors facial expressions. The game of hide and seek allows you to understand that a disappeared object or person is not lost forever. This seems so obvious to us, but becomes a whole discovery for the baby.

Early development system using Doman cards

In the age range from 0 to 6 months, you can start trying to work with your child using the Doman system. If we consider developmental methods, children's cards are the most popular.

The essence of the classes is simple: the parent shows the child images that contain a picture of an object and a caption for it, or just a word, or dots indicating quantity. The adult voices what is on the card, and can come up with other associations or whole stories with the word being studied. In this way, imaginative thinking, visual memory, and auditory perception of information are formed.

When the baby becomes more active, he may stop quietly looking at the cards, so parents need to be prepared for this; violent activities will not benefit such temperamental children. In addition, there is an opinion that, despite the large amount of information that a child learns through cards, without additional associative learning he will not be able to apply the acquired knowledge in life. Therefore, no children’s early development methods are a panacea, and other approaches to teaching cannot be ruled out.